One Minute of Legal English

Both "kindly" and "please" are both polite ways of making a request. However, they are used in slightly different contexts. Moreover, both words can be used interchangeably in many situations, and the choice depends on personal preference, context and tone. The word "please" is commonly used in polite request in a wide range of situations. It is a straightforward way of asking for something politely. It is simply added to the sentence to emphasise politeness. "Kindly" is a slightly more formal and old-fashioned word used in business...

Both delivery and handover refers to giving something to another person, but they are used in a different context. Delivery is a legal term for giving or in other words turning over the possession of property, either physically or symbolically to another person. The property may either be real property, such as a building, or personal property, such as goods, money or a document. Handover is the giving of control of or responsibility for something to someone else rather than a physical property. It can be used for handing over the...

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Both proxy and Power of Attorney entitles the holder to act on behalf of another person. However, they are used differently, although they are sometimes used interchangeably. A Power of Attorney is a legal instrument authorizing one to act in the place and in the stead of another person in a general sense, which is called General Power of Attorney, however, there are several different types of Powers of Attorney dedicated for certain purpooses, such as a Financial POA or Special POA.The proxy is a document typically authorising another...

A perbizomány fogalma azt jelenti, hogy egy perbeli fél megbízás alapján más fél perlési igényét kívánja érvényesíteni. Ezt a magyar jog kizárja, egy fél más igényét perlési megbízás alapján a polgári perben nem érvényesítheti, ez a perbizomány tilalma. Az angol fogalom erre a third party standing, a magyar jog hatályos rendelkezését e tekintetben pedig a rule of no third party standing fejezi ki legpontosabban, ami a perbizomány tilalmaként foglalható össze, összhangban a magyar jogban található forrásokkal, ahol általában a perbizomány...

Amikor egy történelmi fogalom megjelenik a közéletben, mindenki szeretné tudni, hogy mi az adott terminus legpontosabb és leghitelesebb angol fordítása. Sokféle javaslat forog közkézen, de nem biztos, hogy akár egy historizáló megoldás, akár egy komparatív szemléletű fogalom kifejezi a magyar terminus pontos tartalmát. A fogalom keresésekor elsősorban napjaink használatára szeretnék összepontosítani, olyan fogalmat keresünk, amely napjainkban használt vagy ismét használatba vett fogalmait a legpontosabban kifejezi angolul. A lord...

A 2013-as Polgári Törvénykönyv bevezette a bizalmi vagyonkezelési jogintézményét a magyar jogrendszerbe. Az angolszász világban a „trust” régóta ismert és használt konstrukció. Magyarországon a jogrendszerbe történő bevezetés előtt is próbáltak olyan konstrukciót kialakítani, amely ennek a jegyeit hordozza magán, de most már nevesítve és jogszabályban lefektetve is létezik ez az intézmény. Nézzük meg a legfontosabb fogalmakat és angol megfelelőjüket. A „trust” bizalmi vagyonkezelést jelent, ami a római jogból is ismert ún. fiduciárius...

Judgement is sometimes confused with sentence, as both judgement and sentence refer to the decision of the court at the end of a trial, but they are used differently, furthermore, both terms have procedural and substantive meanings. Judgment is the official decision of a court finally resolving the dispute between the parties to the civil action. In contrast, sentence is used in criminal law, as it is the punishment for the crime as decided by the court. There is another difference between these terms in criminal law, where the...

There are two different ways macroeconomic policy of a country pursue its goals : monetary policy and fiscal policy. They are two toolsets consisting of different theories regarding achieving higher economic growth and controlling the inflation. Monetary policy is usually carried out by the central bank and its institutions and involves the setting of the base rate of the county, which is regulated by the National Bank (also the Bank of England in UK and Federal Reserve in the US). It also aims to influencing the supply of money, which...

Szolgáltatási, megbízási és vállalkozási szerződésekről Felmerült egy olyan kérdés, hogy a szolgáltatási, megbízási és vállalkozási szerződések között milyen kapcsolat van, és hogyan fejezhetjük ki pontosan angolul. Mint minden hasonló kérdés esetében, először a kontextust kell tisztázni, mely jog alapján keressük a választ a kérdésre. Ebben a cikkben a magyar jog alapján próbálunk eligazodási pontot keresni. A munkavégzésre irányuló szerződések közül a magyar Ptk. megbízási és vállalkozási szerződéseket különböztet meg. A különbség...

Both crime and tort are terms used to describe an act by which one harms another person. But they are entirely different in the eyes of the law. Let't look at the difference. Sometimes, persons without legal knowledge use them interchangeably but that is not the reality. They are completely different from each other. Both crime and tort are wrongful actions, actions that violate the laws, morally unacceptable or deviate from the norms of a society as a whole, and, thus, they are unwanted. Tort A tort is a wrongful act that interferes...

Both arbitration and litigation refer to resolving a dispute. Litigation means that the disputes are resolved through the normal court system, which starts by filing a complaint against the defendant. Arbitraiton is a means to resolve disputes whereby the two sides select a neutral third party, known as an arbitrator, agree in advance to comply with the arbitrator's award, and then participate in a hearing at which both sides can present evidence and testimony. The arbitrator's award is usually final and binding, and courts may only...

This article deals with the difference in the role of the judge in common law and civil law systems. Common law courts typically use a so-called adversarial system, in which two sides present their cases to a neutral judge. The judge often acts as a referee, as two attorneys argue their side of the case. The judge and the jury listen to both sides, and they will come to a conclusion about the case presented by the attorneys of the parties. Therefore, the common law judicial system is referred to as adversarial system. Judges in...

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Az egyeztetés egyike azoknak a szavaknak, amelyekkel minden jogász rendszeresen találkozik munkája során. Bár a magyar kifejezés sok kontextusban előfordul, angol dokumentumokban mégsem használható mindig ugyanaz a forma. Lássuk milyen megfelelőket használhatunk kontextustól függően! 1. A polgári peres eljárások A polgári peres eljárások vonatkozásában az egyeztetés egy alternatív jogvita megoldás, amely során a felek bármely külső fél bevonása nélkül igyekeznek a vitás kérdést tisztázni. Ez angolul a „negotiation”, amely nem...

Letéti szerződés angolul Most a letéti szerződésekkel kapcsolatos legfontosabb fordulatokat szeretném megosztani olvasóinkkal. Ez a lista a letéti szerződés menetét takarja: [glossary: b1u1t04] A letéti szerződésben gyakran használt ige+ főnév kollokációk az alábbiak: [glossary:c-escrow]...

A megszűnéssel kapcsolatos fogalmak között most a szerződés megszűnését nézzük meg tüzetesebben. Nagyon nem mindegy, hogy egy adott helyzetben melyik fogalmat használjuk, ugyanis az egyes megszüntetési módoknak teljesen más joghatása van. A kérdést többféle szempontból közelíthetjük meg, különbséget lehetünk visszamenőleges hatályú és a jövő vonatkozó megszűnés között, vagy – másféle megközelítésből – a szerződés egyoldalú és közös megegyezéssel történő megszűnését. Az első szempontot alapul véve a szerződés megszűnése ex tunc...

A meghatalmazott leggyakrabban az „attorney”, aki lehet jogi képviselő vagy természetes személy képviselő. Az „attorney” egy adott ügyben vagy ügykörben meghatalmazás alapján eljár valaki helyett. Ha valaki nem meghatalmazás alapján, hanem törvény rendelkezése következtében jogosult a képviselet ellátására, akkor nem „attorney” lesz, hanem „registered representative” aminek magyarul törvényes képviselő a jelentése. E kettő között az a különbség, hogy milyen alapon látja el a képviseletet a meghatalmazott személy. Céges...

Jöjjön most egy rövid kis teszt a jogrendszerekkel kapcsolatosan. A következő teszt az angolszász és a kontinentális jogrendszer különbsége kapcsán felmerült szavakkal kapcsolatos feladatokat tartalmaz. Sok sikert a tanuláshoz! [quizzes:legal-systems-12...

Egyik kurzusunkon felmerült néhány kérdés az épületeken végzett különféle munkák pontos elnevezésére. Az alábbi listán az épületekkel kapcsolatos leggyakoribb építőipari tevékenységek felsorolása található: addition to a building épület továbbépítésealteration of a building épület átalakításaconstrution of a building épület létesítésedemolition of a building épület bontásaextension of a building épület bővítésefit out a building épület belsőépítészeti kialakításamodernisation of a building épület korszerűsítéserefurbishment of a building...

Íme egy glosszárium a hitelezéssel kapcsolatos legfontosabb kifejezésekről. A lista tartalmazza a hitelezés folyamatában felmerülő alapvető fogalmakat angolul és magyarul: bank deposit bankbetétbank statement bankszámlakivonatcollection order inkasszócredit hitelcredit agreement antonym hitelszerződéscredit rating antonym hitelminősítéscreditworthiness hitelképességdebt service adósságszolgálatdisbursement folyósításdisbursement fee folyósítási jutalékdrawdown notice lehívási értesítődrawdown period lehívási időszakevent of default...

Hogyan nevezzük el a szerződéseket angolul Sokszor kihívást jelent, hogy mi lehet egy szerződések legpontosabb és legmegfelelőbb és nyelvileg is pontos angol elnevezése. Ezzel kapcsolatosan szeretnék egy rövid és érthető megközelítést megosztani. Először meg kell néznünk, hogy adott szerződésnek van-e bevett angol elnevezése. Ha igen, akkor célszerű azt használni. Ezek jól ismert elnevezések, az adásvételi szerződés például „sales contract”, a jelzálog szerződés „mortgage contract”, a társasági szerződés „articles of association”, stb. ...

A kötbér fogalma sokszor problémát okoz a különféle jogrendszerek útvesztőjében járatlanok számára. Nézzük meg milyen fogalmak jöhetnek szóba. A „liquidated damages” bevett angolszász fogalom arra a kártérítés fajtára, amikor a felek a szerződés megkötésekor előre megállapodnak, hogy a szerződésben foglalt kötelezett nem teljesítése esetén ez az összeg kerül egyfajta kárátalányként kifizetésre a másik fél számára. Tehát a kötbér funkcióját az angolszász jogban az LD látja el. Azonban az alkalmazása eltér a magyar kötbértől. Ha a felek...

Angolszász szerződésekben sokszor olvassuk az „equity” kifejezést, de nem biztos, hogy egy szótár vagy egy hirtelen megtalált netes link segít eligazodni a lényegét illetően. A szótár több dolgot ad ki az equity jelentésére. Jelenti egyszer a saját tőkét, a méltányosságot és végül az angolszász jogrendszerhez tartozó „equity” jogot. Az első kettővel most nem foglalkozunk, nézzük az utolsót. Az "equity" fogalmat itt nem tudjuk pontosan lefordítani magyarra. Valóban a méltányosságon alapszik - ami a szó eredeti jelentése- de ez egy külön...

Akik magyar angol szótárt használnak, nyilván tudják a pontos választ: A igazgató angolul a „director”. Ez így is van, ez a pontos megfelelő. Azonban érdemes megnézni, hogy mit jelent a „director” angolul? A „director” az angolszász országok társasági joga szerint alapvetően egy gazdasági társaság első számú vezetője, aki a cég irányításáért felel. Minden cég élén kell, hogy álljon egy „director”, személye be van jegyezve az adott cégnyilvántartásba, személyében – a jogszabályok szerint – felelős a cég működéséért. Ha az igazgató a...

Nem tudok egyszerű választ adni arra, hogy mi lesz az elnök angolul. Egyrészt ezt a szót többféle kontextusban is használjuk (politikai, társasági ill. jogi), másrészt az egyes kontextuson belül is lehet a szónak többféle értelme. Most szűkítsük le az elnök fogalmát a társasági jogi ill. vállalatirányítási kontextusra. Ki is az elnök egy társaság működésében? A magyar jog szerint az elnök alapvetően az igazgatóság elnökét jelenti. Ez a személy nem más, mint a „chairman” (ha férfi), ill. „chairwoman” (na nőről van szó), vagy ha nem...

Both aware and familiar means that one has information about something. However, they are used differently. „Aware” means that someone has information of, is conscious of a fact or something, informed about its existence. It can be either something tangible or a piece of information. „The employee is aware of the liability flowing from management position" „You should be aware that the product involves significant investment risk” “The Receiver is aware that the source of such information was bound by an NDA” „Familiar”, on the...

In principle, there is no substantial difference between the two concepts. Both gift and donation refers to giving something of value to another person voluntarily, without consideration. However, they are used differently. Donation is used in situations when there is a specific purpose of the transaction, such as supporting an charitable organization or transferring title to a property without consideration. The document used in such situations is typically called Deed of Donation. The parties to this type of transaction are...

Both types of activiites aim at providing employees to business. The difference is the period for which such employees are provided. Staffing is about providing temporary employees to businesses in need of additional help for a short period of time, typically offices, warehouses, factories, retail stores or other customer service positions. The length of time a temporary employee remains depends on business need. Placement services specialize in filling jobs within specific industries in permanent positions. This is a broad term which...

Hogy van a "külterület" pontosan és szakszerűen angolul? unincorporated area Tipikus példa arra, hogy egy szóra számos fordítási megoldás forog közkézen, de hiányzik egy pontos és frappáns kifejezés. Nézzük, hogy milyen szavakat javasolnak az egyes jogi szótársak és ezek mennyire használhatóak. rural area: vidéki terület, a belterületi részektől távol eső helyekre használják, egyben utal a közművesítés hiányára is. Ellentéte az urban area, amely általában a városias környezetet jelenti. outskirts: külváros, a belvárossal szemben az...

A magyar számla szó alatt több mindent értünk, így itt nem csak az angol fogalom megfelelőségéről, hanem a magyar szó jelentéséről fogunk szót ejteni. A számla lehet egyrészről egy számvitel fogalom, ahova bizonyos üzleti eseményeket lehet lekönyvelni. A számviteli mérlek számlákból épül fel. Ez angolul az „account”, amely akár az accounting (könyvelés) szó kapcsán jegyezhető meg, amely a szóban forgó számlákkal való foglalkozást jelenti. Banki kontextusban a számla lehet az a nyilvántartási eszköz, amelyen bizonyos pénzügyi...

Készen áll egy rövid tesztre alapvető társasági jogi fogalmak körében? A következő feladat segít begyakorolni a legfontosabb fogalmakat, mint a vagyoni hozzájárulás, ügyrend, társasági szerződés, beltag, igazgatóság, határozatképesség, könyvvizsgáló, székhely, stb. [quizzes:promo-choose-business-terms-2] Jó szórakozást...

Egy fordítás során merült fel a kihordási idő helyes megfelelője angolul. Egy gyógyszerészeti szövegben merült fel termékek vonatkozásában, ami még inkább érdekessé teszi a kérdést. Az internetes tartalmak keresésével leginkább a „gestation” terminushoz jutunk el. Ez nem más, mint az az embrió életének a fogantatástól a születés pillanatáig tartó időszaka, amit szintén kihordási időnek nevezünk. De ez termékek vonatkozásában nem használható, tehát meg kell keresnünk a megfelelő jogi fogalmat. A fogalom azt az időszakot takarja,...

Nincs könnyű dolgunk, ha a jogosult pontos angol megfelelőjét keressük. A magyar szerződésekben a jogosult egy generálisan használt kifejezés, amely széles körben használatos bármilyen jogosulti pozicióban álló szerződő félre. Generális kifejezésként jól hangzik a „rights holder”, de szerződésekben elvétve találkozni ezzel a kifejezéssel. Ha fogalom szó szerinti fordítását keressük, akkor kézenfekvőnek tűnik az „obgliee” szó, amely szemben áll az „obligor” fogalmával és pontosan kifejezi a felek egymáshoz való viszonyát. Azonban...

Egy tanítványom fordítási hibája érdekes tanulságot szült. Tanítványaimat mindig arra biztatom, hogy használják a jogi angol szótárat, a sok év alatt rengeted fordítást csináltunk már és igyekeztünk a tapasztalatokat beépíteni a szótárba, így rengeteg szót meg fognak találni. A szótárban talált szavak pedig átmentek már a rostán, lehet bennük bízni, sokkal inkább, mint egy internetes keresésből leemelt megoldásban. Tanítványaim általában követik a tanácsaimat. A szóban forgó esetben is így történt. A kollegina megtalálta a "submission of...

A biztosít szót számos különféle értelemben használjuk magyarul, amely angol fordításnál sokszor értelemzavaró. Biztosítani lehet egy követelést, hitelt, egy személyt egy tényről, ill. egy bármit különféle káresemények ellen, vagy biztosítani valaki részvételét vagy teljesítését. Ezt mindet a „biztosít” szóval fejezzük ki. Sőt, akár anyagokat vagy feltételeket is biztosíthatunk valamely tevékenységhez. Nézzük meg, hogy, mely szavakkal fejezzük ki angolul. A követelés biztosítása a „secure” vagy akár „collateralize”. Ez magába foglal minden...

Ebben a bejegyzésben két olyan kifejezést szeretnék most tisztázni jogi angol nyelvi kontextusban, amely jogot nem tanuló emberek számára nem evidens. De bevezetésül induljunk ki a „beleértve” szó angol megfelelőjéből. Olyankor használjuk ezt, amikor egy tág kategóriát adunk meg, és tisztázzuk a kategóriához tartozó halmaz pontos tartalmát. Ha a tág kategóriát nem akarjuk leszűkíteni, akkor ezt magyarul kifejezhetjük azzal, hogy „beleértve, de nem kizárólag”, vagy „példálózó felsorolással”, ez a kettő ugyanezt fejezi ki. Ilyenkor az...

A beépítetlen telek angolul unimproved parcel. A témát ismerő szakemberek tisztában vannak, hogy a jogi kifejezéseket nem lehet szó szerint átvezetni angolra, hiszen a kifejezés minél pontosabb jogi tartalmát kell visszaadni a másik nyelven. Az angolszász jogban az "improvement" fogalma jelenti azt, hogy a földön bármilyen felépítmény található. Ez összefoglalja mindazt, ami földön épült vagy attól elválaszthatatlan. A gyakorlatban ezzel utalnak egy telken épült felépítményekre. Nézzük meg, mi más fogalom jöhet szóba, és azok...

Ha gyors választ szeretne valaki találni,akkor tessék: az álképviselő angolul "unauthorised representative". Ha valaki nem elégszik meg a rövid válasszal, akkor nézzük részletesen: 1. Álképviselet a magyar jogban Először is nézzük meg, hogy mit jelent az álképviselő a Magyar jogban. Az új Ptk úgy fogalmaz, hogy aki képviseleti jog nélkül vagy képviseleti jogkörét túllépve más nevében jognyilatkozatot tesz, nyilatkozata a képviselt jóváhagyásával vált ki joghatást. (6:14. §). Tehát azt kell keresnünk, hogy az angol jogi nyelv hogyan...

Az ajánlat szótár szerinti jelentései között az alábbi szavakat találjuk: offer, proposal, quotation, bid és tender. Itt is elmondhatjuk, hogy egyáltalán nem mindegy, hogy közülük melyik szerepel egy jogi dokumentumban. Jogi kontextusban az offer a legkézenfekvőbb terminus. Az offer - mint ajánlat - úgy érthető meg, ha szembeállítjuk az ajánlat elfogadásával, amely angolul az „acceptance”. Az offer és az acceptance együtt tulajdonképpen egy szerződést képez, hiszen a szerződés az ajánlat elfogadásával jön létre. Az offer és az acceptance...

Folytassuk most a szerződéstípusokkal. A következő tesztben a Magyarországon használt legfontosabb szerződések elnevezését nézzük meg magyarul. Megtalálható a tesztben az adásvételi szerződés, a megbízási szerződés, a bérleti szerződés, kölcsönszerződés, a munkaszerződés, a vállalkozási szerződés, a jelzálogszerződés, a hitelszerződés és a társasági szerződése elnevezése angolul. [quizzes: choose-the-contract-type] Reméljük, hasznosnak találta a tesztet. Ha bármi egyéb kérdése, kérése merülne fel a témával kapcsolatban, tegye fel a...

A mai blogban alapvető büntetőjogi fogalmakat tesztelünk ill. gyakorolhatunk be. Megismerhetünk olyan fogalmakat, mint bűncselekmény, bűntett, tárgyalás, ügyész, jogi képviselő, pénzbüntetés, stb. [quizzes: basic-criminal-law-terms-1] Reméljük, hasznosnak találta a tesztet. Ha bármi egyéb kérdése, kérése merülne fel a témával kapcsolatban, tegye fel a hozzászólásoknál, igyekszünk minél hamarabb...

Egy olyan kifejezés angol megfelelőjét szeretném tisztázni, amely sok félreértés és félrefordítást eredményez. Ez a kivett, amelynek a pontos angol megfelelője a non-agricultural. A kivett ebben a kontextusban azt jelenti, hogy az adott földterület mezőgazdasági művelés alól ki lett véve, így "kivett". A kataszteri rendszer alapvetően meghatározza, hogy a földterület milyen célra használatos, ezt a jog művelési ágnak is nevezi. Amennyiben a földterület nem mezőgazdasági célt szolgál, akkor nevezzük mezőgazdasági művelés alól kivettnek...

Both notice and announcement are used for informing people about something that has take place or will take place. They are used differently, though. Notice is inteded only to the persons affected by the effect of the communication, the concerned person or group or persons. Notice is linked to a presumption that those affected are deemed to have been informed. Announcement is made to the public so that everyone interested may be informed of a fact. It is generally targeted to a larger number of people, the public in general....

Épület, építmény és műtárgy angolul Jogi szaknyelvi fordítások mellett sok fordítást csinálunk építőipari és energiaipari területen is. Igyekszünk itt is minél pontosabban fordítani, és a felhalmozott tapasztalatot feldolgozni és rendszerezni. Ha valamit nem tudunk vagy nem világos, akkor utánajárunk, addig kutatjuk a megfelelő terminológiát, amíg meg nem találjuk a megfelelő kifejezést. Megrendelőink tudják ezt és ezért bizalommal fordulnak hozzánk, ha minőségi fordításra van szükségük. Ezzel kapcsolatosan szeretném megosztani a címben...

Az adatkezelés és adatfeldolgozás nem egyező fogalmak. A GDPR megkülönböztet adatkezelőt (data controller) és adatfeldolgozót (data processor). Viszont - mint tevékenység - GDPR magyar szövegében a "data processing" és a "data controlling" egyaránt adatfeldolgozásként szerepel. Ennek ellenére a két fogalom között különbséget kell tennünk az alábbiak szerint: Az adatkezelés az alkalmazott eljárástól függetlenül az adaton végzett bármely művelet vagy a műveletek összessége, így különösen gyűjtése, felvétele, rögzítése, rendszerezése,...

Megrendelő angolul A megrendelő angol fordításánál sokszor gondot okoz a szó két jelentése, különösen olyan esetben, amikor hasonló kontextusban használatos a két szó. A megrendelő jelenti egyrészt a vállalkozási szerződésben szereplő felek egyikét, akinek a Ptk. szerint feladata a szolgáltatás elfogadása és a vállalkozási díj kifizetése. Erre a megrendelőre a leggyakrabban használt kifejezés a „client”. Ne keverjük össze a megbízóval (principal), aki megbízást ad a megbízottnak, és a megbízó vállalja egy feladat ellátását. A...

Energetikai tarifák Egy munka kapcsán összegyűjtöttük az energiaipari tarifákkal kapcsolatos legfontosabb fogalmakat az alábbi szójegyzet formájában connection fee csatlakozási díjconversion factor átváltási tényeződistribution transfer fee elosztási átszállítási díjfeed-in tariff kötelező átvételi tarifanatural gas distribution fee földgázelosztási díjnetwork and metering losses földgázelosztói hálózati és mérési veszteségodorization fee szagosítási díjparameter for the calculation számítási elemperiod settled with actual figures...

These two terms seem to be synonymous, and in a sense they are, but in the technical language they have different meanings. Both of them refers to a process of verifying the suitability and operability of a technical solution, be it a facility, a structure, a software or any other result of a project. Test operation, as the name implies, is part of the testing process, whereby a project is put to test whether it conforms to the requirements set out in the initial requirements. In practice, this is when a facility is first used for its...

Bejegyzés-sorozatunk harmadik részében az átadás fogalma és annak angol megfelelői kapcsán öntünk tiszta vizet a pohárba. 1. Give Az átadásra nyilván a legegyszerűbbnek tűnik a „give” szó, és meglepő módon ez az egyszerű szó sokszor előfordul szerződésben, annyira, hogy egyes kollokációkban ezt a helyes kifejezés. A „give notice” (értesítést átad) például másként nem is igazán hangzik jól. 2. Hand over A szótár jó eséllyel a „hand over” kifejezést fogja megadni a keresett szóra. Magyar füllel kézenfekvőnek hangzik, használják...

Következő bejegyzés-sorozatunkat egy komplex és sokfelé ágazó témának szenteljük, ami nem más, mint az átadás és átruházás fogalma, valamint azok angol megfelelőinek helyes használata. A könnyebb érthetőség és feldolgozhatóság végett a témát három bejegyzésre osztottuk, valamint lezárásképp egy tesztet is hozunk olvasóinknak, melynek segítségével felmérhetik, hogy valóban helyesen és magabiztosan használják-e ezeket a fogalmakat. Első bejegyzésünkben az átruházás fogalmával kezdünk. Sokféle dolgot tudunk átruházni, többek között...

Mindannyian kerülhetünk olyan helyzetbe, amikor egy teljesen hétköznapi kifejezést szeretnénk angolul visszaadni, azonban sem a szótárból, sem az iskolában elsajátított tudásunkból nem tudjuk elővarázsolni a helyes angol megfelelőt. Ezek olyan finomságok, amelyeket anyanyelvi környezetben lehetne elsajátítani, azonban erre nem mindenkinek van lehetősége. Legújabb bejegyzésünkben azt szeretném megmutatni, hogy ilyenkor mit tehetünk, hogy mégis tökéletesítsük tudásunkat. Idén nyáron, amikor éppen nem ugrált egy csemete sem a fejemen, Ken...

A munkajog az egyik olyan jogterület, amely garantáltan előfordul a jogászok mindennapi munkája során. Ezért azoknak a jogászoknak, akik angolul vagy nemzetközi szinten is dolgoznak, elengedhetetlen a területhez kapcsolódó alapvető angol terminológia ismerete. Mai bejegyzésünkben egy munkajogi terminológiával kapcsolatos tesztet hoztunk olvasóinknak, mellyel ellenőrizhetik, vagy épp felfrissíthetik a témával kapcsolatos tudásukat. [quizzes:choose-employment-terms-11] Ne ijedjen meg, ha nem sikerült hibátlanra a teszt. Ősszel induló...

Egy építőipari kivitelezési szerződés („construction contract”/„works contract”) fordítása során többféle rajz megnevezésével is találkozhatunk. Hasonló jelentéstartalmuk miatt hajlamosak vagyunk szinonimaként tekinteni rájuk, és ezáltal felcserélni őket. Most ezekkel kapcsolatban szeretnénk egyszer s mindenkorra tiszta vizet önteni a pohárba. 1. Drawings A „drawings” önmagában jelenthet tervet és műszaki rajzot is (például: „as-built drawing” = „megvalósulási terv” vagy „drawings of dams” = „gátak műszaki rajzai”). Vigyáznunk kell...

Az engedély pontos angol jelentése alapvetően két dologtól függ. Függ egyrészt attól, hogy ki adja ki, másrészt pedig attól, hogy mire vonatkozik. Mai bejegyzésünkben ezen ismérvek mentén vizsgáljuk meg részletesen a szóba jöhető kifejezéseket. 1. Permit Ha egy hatóság által kiállított engedélyről van szó, akkor a „permit” lesz a megfelelő választás. Soha sem fogjuk elfelejteni, ha a „building permit” (építési engedély) kifejezést a fejünkbe verjük, hiszen ez rengetegszer előfordul jogi szövegekben. Persze nem csak építésre,...

Ma egy könnyű bejegyzéssel készültünk Önöknek, egyszerű szavakkal és világos magyarázatokkal. A magyar jogi nyelvben is más szót használunk, amikor pénzösszeg kifizetését tartjuk vissza, mint amikor jogokat tartunk fenn vagy megtagadjuk egy engedély kiadását, noha tulajdonképpen mindhárom esetben visszatartunk valamit. Ezzel ki is merítettük a magyarázat lényegét, csak a szakszerűség kedvéért nézzük meg a kifejezéseket példákkal illusztrálva. 1. Retain A „retain” használatos pénzösszegek vissztartására. Ha valaki ismeri a ...

Both promulgation and publication refers to the act of making a new act publicly known, after which it is enforceable by the state. Promulgation is The act of the head of state to announce that a legal rules becomes part of the legal system of a state. Publication is the announcement of a new act in the official gazette so as to inform the public, generally through the official gazette of the country....

Az előző két bejegyzésünk során a "hiba" szó angol megfelelőit és azok helyes használatát tisztáztuk. Ígéretünkhöz híven, a sorozat harmadik részét alkotó bejegyzésünkben egy tesztet hoztunk olvasóinknak, melynek segítségével gyakorolhatják és ellenőrizhetik is tudásukat. A teszt a lenti "Start" gombra kattintva indul. Bízunk benne, hogy a sorozatot hasznosnak és érdekesnek találta, és hogy tesztünkkel hozzájárulhatunk ahhoz, hogy valóban magabiztosan bánjon ezzel a szóval a jövőben. Ha bármi további kérdése lenne a témával...

Standard: A set of written rules applicable to an industrial sector. It is universally applied, and no deviation is accepted from the general meaning of standards. Practice: The way a certain industry operates. Without being a set of written rules, it is deemed to apply to certain services in the given sector, deviation from which is frowned upon and disfavoured....

Manufacturer: Producer of a physical product. Producer: The creator of a product, either tangible or...

Margin: It is the percentage of profit in the final selling price. Mark-up: It is the percentage of the cost price added on the top to get the selling price. A product sold with 20% margin has a mark-up of 25%...

Implementation: The realization of the project, thus bringing about a result. Execution: The carrying into effect of a task, a complete project or a contract, thus becoming discharged from all obligations. ...

A hiba egyike azokak a szavaknak, amelyek angol fordításánál nagyon kell ügyelnünk arra, hogy kontextusnak valóban megfelelő kifejezést használjuk. Más az a hiba, amit elkövetünk, más a műszaki hiba, más a szerződésben a hiba, a hibás teljesítés, sőt más szót használunk arra, amikor valaki hibát követett el, és ismét mást, amikor tévedett. A kérdéskörben felmerülő megoldások sokfélesége miatt úgy döntöttünk, két részre osztjuk a témát, majd egy harmadik bejegyzésben egy tesztet is hozunk olvasóinknak, amellyel ellenőrizhetik tudásukat....

Ismét egy olyan szóval van dolgunk, amelynek esetében több megfelelő is használatos a jogi angolban, attól függően, hogy milyen kontextusról van szó, ill. minek a megszűnését szeretnénk kifejezni. Röviden nézzük át, kontextustól függően melyik angol terminus lesz a legalkalmasabb a megszűnés fogalmának kifejezésére angolul. 1. Házasság A házasság megszűnését a "dissolution" kifejezéssel írják le (dissolution of marriage). Ezt hétköznapi nyelvben a divorce szóval fejezik ki. Egyébként a házasság megszűnhet érvénytelenítés (annulment)...

A jogosulthoz hasonlóan a kötelezett pontos angol megfelelője sem intézhető el egy szóval. Egy generális kifejezést keresve könnyedén bukkanhatunk a „obligor” kifejezésre, azonban ez főként pénzügyi kötelezettség kötelezettjeként használatos angol nyelvű szerződésekben. Praktikus kifejezés a „provider”, amely sokféle kontextusban jelölheti azt a személyt, aki egy jogviszonyban az ügyletre jellemző főkötelem teljesítésére kötelezett. Bevett kifejezés a „service provider”, feltehetően a provider ebből önállósította magát. A service provider...

A függőben tartás és a tulajdonjog fenntartása is az ingatlan adásvételhez kapcsolódó fogalom és mindkettő arra szolgál, hogy a vételár teljes kifizetéséig az ingatlan tulajdonjoga ne kerüljön bejegyzésre az ingatlannyilvántartásba a vevő nevére, így biztosítva az eladó jogos érdekeinek védelmét. A hasonlóságuk ellenére azonban, a két fogalom nem használható egymás helyettesítésére, és korántsem mindegy, hogy mikor melyiket használjuk. Ebben a bejegyzésben a két fogalom közötti különbséget szeretnénk tisztázni, és segíteni olvasóinknak,...

A vállalkozó szó angol megfelelője sokszor okoz gondot jogi angol szövegek szerkesztésekor, hiszen, mint sok más esetben, itt sincs egyetlen univerzálisan használható kifejezés. Nézzük meg, hogy mely szavak alkalmasak a fordításához! Egy vállalkozási szerződésben a szerződő felek a megrendelő és a vállalkozó. Ebben a kontextusban a client mellett a "contractor" jelenti a vállalkozót. Az egyéni vállalkozók (akik magánszemélyként saját nevük alatt folytatnak gazdasági tevékenységet) az angolszász világban a „sole proprietor” vagy...

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Szeretné fejleszteni szaknyelvi tudását, de nincs ideje részt venni egy hosszabb tanfolyamon? Ebben a bejegyzésben összegyűjtöttük azokat az egyszerűen elérhető tartalmainkat és szolgáltatásainkat, melyek segítségével ingyen, vagy minimális anyagi befektetéssel, de mégis hatékonyan fejlesztheti tudását. 1. Jogi angol szótár Valószínűleg az egyik leghasznosabb ingyenesen elérhető termékünk magyar-angol és angol-magyar jogi szótárunk, mely immár több mint 30 000 szócikket tartalmaz. Az egyes szavak és kifejezések jelentésén kívül a...

Mai egypercesünkben a szótár kritika és gondolkodás nélküli használatának veszélyeire mutatunk egy újabb jó példát. Egy fordításban a “válallatirányítás” szó szerepelt, amelynek –noha a fogalom egyértelmű – többféle vetülete van. A „corporate governance” a vállalat irányítási módszerek, mechanizmusok és struktúrák összességét jelenti. Arra a kérdésre keresi a választ, hogy hogyan lehet a társaságot a legeredményesebb és leghatékonyabb formában irányítani. Tehát ebből a szempontból egy cég irányításának, vezetésének rendszerszemléletű...

Nemrég egy ügyfelünk osztotta meg velünk az alábbi történetet. Egy angol dokumentum szerkesztése során a fedezet fogalmát szerette volna angolul leírni, azonban, az angol megfelelő ismerete híján először kollégái, majd, a sikertelen próbálkozás után szótár segítségét igénybe véve. Ezután meghökkenve tapasztalta, hogy az idegen anyanyelvű ügyfél egyáltalán nem érti, hogy miről szól a dokumentum. Hosszas huzavona után derült csak ki, hogy ügyfelünk a "hedge" szót használta a "collateral" helyett, ezzel teljesen összezavarva a gyanútlan...

Az alábbi írás egy kedves ügyfelünk kérésére született, akinek gondja akadt a meghatalmazás szó használatával angol nyelven. Ez valóban egy olyan szó, amely gyakran kerül elő a jogi munkában, így nézzük meg, hogy mely angol szóval tudjuk legjobban kifejezni - természetesen szövegkörnyezettől függően. Közismert a „Power of Attorney”, amely a legáltalánosabban használt kifejezés a meghatalmazásra. Valóban, ez az a jogi dokumentum, amellyel a meghatalmazó meghatalmaz egy másik személyt - tipikusan jogi képviselőt - hogy helyette és...

Both notice and statement refer to a a formal, written communication in a contract setting. A notice is a communication by one contracting party to the other, usually requiing actions within a time frame or giving substantive information which will effect further performance of the contract. A statement is a communication by any person, not necesarily a contracting party, and it is generally an expression of a fact, disclosure of information regarding anything one wishes to express or other such matters....

Both exception and objection refer to a statement issued either verbally or in writing, in protest to actions of others. At the outset, it must be made clear that there are two commonly used meaning of exception, while objection has only one meaning. The everyday usage of the word exception includes meaning indicating that certain things are excluded from a categorization (such as with the exception of Sundays and holidays). The strictly legal usage of “exception” is now to be compared with the usage of the word “objection”....

Both "by" and "until" are used to designate a date or time by which something must be finished, ready or accomlished. However, they are used slightly differently. As an expression of time, "until" is used to describe an action or event that happens on or before a particular moment, whereas "by" is used to describe a state or situation in the period of time up to a particular moment....

What is the difference between contract and agreement? Contract and agreement look like synonyms in document names. The document regulating the relationship between employer and employee can be called either employment contract or employment agreement. There is no difference between the two in this respect. However, there is a major difference between the two terms in the common law, contract being a legally binding and enforceable agreement between two parties. A contract is made through offer and acceptance, and requires consideration...

Ismét egy olyan szóval van dolgunk, amelyre nincs egyetlen angol megfelelő, ezért problémás lehet a használata. Ebben a bejegyzésben az "idézés" angol megfelelőit vesszük górcső alá és tisztázzuk jelentésüket, hogy legközelebb már magabiztosan használhassa őket munkája során. 1. A bíróság által az alperesnek elküldött irat (amelyben a tárgyaláson történő megjelenésre szólítják fel) megfelelője a "summons." (vigyázat, ez így van egyes számban, a többes száma a summonses). Példa: „The court issued a summons to the defendant.” 2. A bíróság...

Both permit and licence refers to an approval by one party to an action of another party....

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Both conditional and provisional refers to situations where something is granted or provided before it is supposed to have fully and irreversibly granted or provided. However, they are slightly different. If something is conditional, a precondition has to be met in order for something to happen. If something is provisional, the same event happens but it is verified or nullified by a fact arising later. Examples: A conditional contract only becomes enforceable in the case of the prior performance of another agreement or...

In the United States, a liquidated damages clause is intended to estimate damages in the event of non-performance or breach of contract. Such a clause will be enforced where the court finds that the harm caused by the breach is difficult to estimate, but where the amount of liquidated damages is reasonable compensation and not disproportionate to the actual or anticipated damage. The intent of liquidated damages is to measure damages that are hard to prove once incurred. However, if the liquidated damages are disproportionate, they can be...

Both supported and substituted decision making applies to persons under guardianship, hOwever, there is an important distinction between them. Decision-making supports for persons with disability take many forms. Supported decision-making applies to the situation where a supporter helps a supported person to make choices and to communicate these choices to others, such as banks, doctors, employers, etc. On the other hand, substituted decision-making refers to the appointment of someone to make a decision on behalf of a person who...

A deed of trust is a document that embodies the agreement between a lender and a borrower to transfer an interest in the borrower’s land to a neutral third party, a trustee, to secure the payment of a debt by the borrower. Like a mortgage, it pledges real property to secure a loan. It is used instead of a mortgage in certain states. On the other hand, a trust agreement is a document establishing a trust (a legal entity created by a party, the trustor, through which a second party, the trustee, holds the right to manage the trustor's assets...

Majority and quorum are two words related to voting. See what the difference is between them here. Majority is more than half (50%) of some group, while quorum is the minimum number of members required for a group to officially conduct business and to cast votes, often but not necessarily a majority or supermajority....

Dividends and distributions refer to the payment of cash to investors. However, there are important differences between the two terms. A dividend is a payment made by a corporation to its shareholders. It is allocated as a fixed amount per share, with shareholders receiving a dividend in proportion to their shareholding. When a corporation earns a profit or surplus, it can re-invest it in the business (called retained earnings), and pay a fraction of the profit as a dividend to shareholders. Distribution to shareholders can be in cash...

While both agenda and minutes are document related to the Shareholders’ Meeting, they refer to two different things. Learn the difference between the two terms here. An agenda is a list of meeting activities in the order in which they are to be taken up. It usually includes one or more specific items of business to be acted upon. It may, but is not required to, include specific times for one or more activities. An agenda may also be called a docket, schedule, or calendar. On the other hand, minutes or informally, notes, are the instant...

A manager is the person who is responsible for the activities of a group of employees in an organization. He has to play the role of a motivator and mentor while guiding the employees to achieve the goals of the organization. There may be supervisors under a manger to help him in his task, but the overall responsibility for the performance of the workers under him lies on the shoulders of a manger. A manager is at the lower rung of the managerial ladder that he has to climb for a prominent position in the management. On the other hand, an...

A breach of contract is a violation that can invalidate the contract. On the other hand, a violation is an action against the contract not necessarily invalidating the...

The word variation refers to a change in the form, position, condition, or amount of something. A variation can be something that is similar to something else but different in some way Variance, however, refers to the amount of difference or change, and in legal texts, it can also indicate an official decision or document that allows someone to do something that is not usually allowed by the...

The verb 'procure' means to obtain something with great care, it can be used in a wider context than 'purchase' which is used to refer to something acquired by buying it. In a legal context 'procure' can also be used with the meaning of persuading or causing somebody to do something. “Procurement” is the overarching function that describes the activities and processes to acquire goods and services. It involves the activities involved in establishing fundamental requirements, sourcing activities such as market research and vendor evaluation...

Account stated is a statement between a creditor (the person to whom money is owed) and a debtor (the person who owes) based upon a series of prior transactions that a particular amount is owed to the creditor as of a certain date. Often the account stated is a bill, invoice or a summary of invoices, signed by the customer or sent to the customer who pays part or all of it without protest. Account stated may also be called statement of account. A settlement, on the other hand, is a formal agreement or decision that ends an argument or...

A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams suppress floods and also provide water for human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, navigability, generating electricity. A dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations. The main purpose of artificial embankments is to prevent flooding of the adjoining countryside and to slow natural course changes in a waterway to provide reliable shipping lanes for maritime commerce over...

Tax Reduction reduces or eliminates the income tax payable for lower income taxpayers. Tax deduction, on the other hand, is a reduction in taxable...

Unimproved land simply means that no building or other structure has been built on the relevant parcel of land. Parcel of land not connected to public utilities simply means – as the name suggests – that the parcel of land is not connected to public utilities, but there may or may not be structure built on...

A transcript is an accurate word for word description of testimony or statement made in the course of a case, prepared by a certified court reporter. A protocol, on the other hand, is a system of rules that explains the correct conduct and procedures to be followed in formal situations; or it may also refer to a plan for a scientific experiment or for medical treatment, or to a document that describes the details of a treaty or formal agreement between...

The verb to solve is generally used to mean find a solution – for example an answer or explanation. We solve a problem, something with a logical or complete answer. The verb to resolve has a number of meanings, one of which is to deal with conclusively – that is, to settle something, effectively to finish it in an acceptable way. The conclusion reached with resolving something may be one of many choices, and it may not please everyone, but it concludes the problem, finishing it. The conclusion reached with solving a problem,...

British English uses the word Slavonic, while in American English, the word Slavic is preferred. However, the two words mean the same. The words Slavic or Slavonic may refer to Slavic people (an ethno-linguistic group living in Europe and Asia), or Slavic languages, Slavic mythology etc. Slovak is a Slavic or a Slavonic...

In banking, self check refers to a Check issued by a drawer to himself or herself, or Check presented for collection at the bank on which it was drawn. It is also an alternative term for „self test.” Self audit, on the other hand, is the complete and careful examination of the financial records of one’s own...

Probation period is the initial period of employment during which both parties may terminate the employment with immediate effect. During this period the employer may make sure that the employee is capable of performing his/her duties at a required standard. Probation is a situation or period of time in which a person who has committed a crime is allowed to stay out of prison if that person behaves well, does not commit another crime,...

Pretorian is an alternative form of praetorian, both refer to something of, forming, or resembling the Roman imperial bodyguard, of or relating to a...

A minutes is an official record of the proceedings of a meeting. Protocol, on the other hand, is a system of rules that explains the correct conduct and procedures to be followed in formal situations. It may also refer to a plan for a scientific experiment or for medical treatment, or to a document that describes the details of a treaty or formal agreement between...

A law school (also known as a law centre or college of law) is an institution specializing in legal education, usually involved as part of a process for becoming a lawyer within a given jurisdiction. Faculty of law is another name for a law school or school of law, the terms commonly used in the United States. This term is used in Canada, other Commonwealth countries and the rest of the world. It may be distinguishable from law school in the sense that a faculty is a subdivision of a university on the same rank with other faculties,...

Inland water refers to any of the waters (as lakes, canals, rivers, watercourses, inlets, and bays) within the territory of a state as contrasted with the open seas or marginal waters bordering another state subject to various sovereign rights of the bordering state. The term is usually used in plural. Stagnating water, however, is the excess stormwater left behind after a massive amount of rain, or the groundwater seeping up from the...

Implement means to put into effect according to or by means of a definite plan or procedure; to begin, to put into action, to set on, to start a course of action. On the other hand, execute means to perform or accomplish something, as an assigned task. So the word execute means to see through to...

It’s very easy to confuse these two words. Although they sound the same when they’re spoken, their meanings are quite different. The meaning of principle is a fundamental idea or general rule that is used as a basis for a particular theory or system of belief. The word principal refers to the original amount of the loan which must be...

Software updates and upgrades can seem pretty similar. Updates are similar to small fixes around a house, whereas an upgrade is like a full renovation. One builds on top of something existing and can take very little time. The other wipes the slate, starts over, and takes longer. The major differences you’ll find in updates versus upgrades is in the file size, the time it takes running them, and the amount of change you see as the end...

The terms city limits and city boundary refer to the defined boundary or border of a city. The area within the city limits is sometimes called the city proper. The terms town limits/boundary and village limits/boundary mean the same as city limits/boundary, but apply to towns and villages. The term incorporated area, however, refers to the area within or outside the city limits that is part of the area supplied with various services, such as public utilities, public transport,...

Wood is the substance making up the central part of the trunk and branches of a tree used as a material for construction, to manufacture various items, etc or as fuel, while woods is a dense collection of trees covering a relatively small area; smaller than a...

Embezzlement is a theft crime that involves taking property that you already possess, but do not own. With embezzlement, a person who is entrusted to manage or control someone else's property uses that property inappropriately, and to the person's own benefit. An employee who uses company property for his personal projects commits embezzlement. Embezzlement can encompass both money and other forms of property. Misappropriation of funds is embezzlement of money only. For example, the treasurer of a club who diverts club funds to his own...

In criminal law, there is a sharp distinction between intent and motive. But this distinction is often neglected. Motive is the moving power which impels one to action for a definite result, whereas intent is the purpose to use a particular means to effect such result. Motive is often not an element of a crime, while intent normally is. The question of motive then suggests an inquiry into the state of mind of a person and his thoughts (which is difficult, if not impossible, to conclusively determine), while intent can be established...

By definition, rape is forced and unwanted sexual intercourse onto an individual without his consent. Essentially, sexual assault is an umbrella term that includes all unwanted sexual contact whereas rape refers to a specific crime. Rape is always sexual assault but sexual assault is not always...

Stealth and steal come from the same root word and used to mean the same thing. Stealth is still a certainly a quality useful in stealing, but the meaning has branched out. It can also be something done in...

While the terms "estate tax" and "inheritance tax" are often used interchangeably when referring to taxes collected after someone dies, these two terms refer to two completely different types of death taxes. An estate tax is a tax on the privilege of transferring property to others after a person's death. In addition to federal estate taxes, many states have their own estate taxes. It is a type of death tax that is calculated based on the net value of property owned by a deceased person on the date of death. It On the other hand,...

Employment contract: A contract regulating the employment relationship between employer and employee. Collective contract: The contract between the employer and the body representing the employees. An employment contract is an agreement between employer and employee which regulates the conditions of employment in compliance with the labour regulation in effect. A collective contract is the agreement between the employer and the body representing the...

While both are considered business auxiliary services, the nature of the services provided by a consignee is different than those provided by a commission agent. A commission agent sells or purchases on behalf of the principal, while a consignee receives and dispatches the good on behalf of the...

Consideration is something of value promised by one party to another in exchange for the performance of a contract. When a person buys a currency for example against the dollar, Countervalue is the dollar value of the...

The word carrier refers to a person or company engaged in the professional activity of transporting goods or people from one place to another. A career refers to what a person does for a living: his job, his profession, his occupation, his line of work,...

The word “bureaucracy” refers to a body of nonelective government officials, an administrative policy-making group, or a government characterized by specialization of functions, adherence to fixed rules, and a hierarchy of authority. Apparatus, on the other hand, is a group or combination of instruments, machinery, tools, materials, etc. having a particular function or intended for a specific...

The two terms are closely related, but they refer to different things. An antique is an old piece of furniture, household item, or other similar item, an object that people collect because of its special features, rarity, or personal emotional connection to the object. On the other hand, antiquity is ancient times; former ages; times long since past; or it can refer to objects or relics of various kinds belonging to ancient times. In building works, they could be parts of ancient structures or artefacts, coins or works of...

Even though the spelling of these words is almost the same, their meaning is completely different. The word alteration refers to a change, usually a slight change, in the appearance, character, or structure of something. The word altercation, however, refers to a noisy or angry...

The liability of the owners of a company may either be limited or unlimited. This articles looks into the differences between various forms of liability. Unlimited liability related to the situation where the owners share joint and several responsibility for the entire amount of debt and other liabilities of the business. In contrast, limited liability is a type of liability that does not exceed the funds invested in a business association. Most typically, partnerships can be either limited or unlimited. In case of an unlimited...

Corporate governance refers to the various mechanisms and processes through which corporations are controlled and directed. Companies, or corporations, are generally directed by a director. In cases when one director is not enough to perform all directorial functions, the owners may elect more directors. They form a so called board, which is a corporate body consisting of all the directors. The board is vested with the power to direct and control the company during the period between general meetings. This is basically the one-tier...

Instructions and orders are given by the client in various legal relationships. An order is formal request that the provider or contractor should perform something. The client assumes an obligation to pay for it. An instruction is a written or oral statement given by the client or the client's representative in connection to the performance of an obligation. An order related to the requirement whether the services should be performed, while the instruction is more about how it should be performed. ...

The people called in to help in a situation when a company facees insolvency are known as receivers and liquidators.The receiver and liquidator play different roles in helping the company in sucy situations. The liquidator’s role in an insolvency situation focusses on liquidating a company’s assets and turning them into cash in order to pay satisfy the company's creditors. on the other hand, Receivers are appointed to manage a company’s assets for the benefit of the secured parties. This is the major difference, receivers focus on...

Problem and Issue are two words that are often confused as two words that give the same meaning, although they are not so and there are some differences between the two words. Both problem and issue are to be solved somehow. While issue can be solved more easily, with relatively less brainwork because one already has some applicable plan how to solve it, problem means something more. Solving it requires more thinking and forethought. Thus, an issue is “smaller”, a problem is “bigger” and more serious. Issue might cause some annoyance, but...

Both preservation and conservation refer to maintaining the condition of somethings that is prone to degradation by time. However, their use is totally different. Conservation refers to the effort to keep something in good condition by doing the repair work of a particular piece or collection of items which had degraded from time, elements, and use. For example, an old book or painting may need conservation work to restore its condition while maintaining the original statue. Conservation also refers to the sustainable use of...

Both tax avoidance and tax evasion refer to the efforts to minimise the tax payment in various ways: read on to learn the difference between them. Tax avoidance and tax evasion both are means of reducing tax liability, but there is a significant difference between them – tax avoidance is legal and tax evasion is a crime. Tax avoidance is the lawful way of minimizing taxes. Businesses avoid taxes by taking all legitimate deductions and by sheltering income from taxes. This can be done by adjusting the accounts in a manner that it will...

Intense means something at an extreme degree or strength. It is often used for describing activities or human feelings beyond a certain degree. The task required intense concentration. The project generated intense interest from the investors. There is intense competition between the two companies. Intensive refers to a process which involves continuing efforts. We are offering intensive courses for developing communication skills. The inventory was sold by means of an intensive sales campaign. Intense means...

Claim and demand are both legal terms requesting certain things, however the two is not interchangeable, as demand refers to a summons to court, while claim is used to demand compensation for something. In everyday use the difference between the two verbs is that demand expresses a forceful request, while claim is to demand ownership of something. Demand may also refer to the desire to purchase goods. Claim: A monetary amount to be paid by the requestor in a civil action based on the assertion of a right. Demand: Requirement that...

The two words are interrelated because they have some common meaning; that is why they are confusable. For example, both of them have the meaning of being able to do something. Competence describes what a person can do because they have the ability and the skills, or they possess the required qualification. In legal context, competence of a witness means the mental capacity to participate in a legal process. Competence can occur in science, too. Meanwhile, competency refers to being able to bring something into effect because the person or a...

Accrual and deferral are different types of accounting adjustments. An accrual, however, occurs before a payment or receipt. An accrual of an expense refers to the reporting of an expense and the related liability in the period in which they occur, and that period is prior to the period in which the payment is made. Accrued expenses are the expenses of a company that have been incurred but not yet paid. An example of an accrual for an expense is the electricity that is used in December, but the payment will not be made until...

This article intends to clarify the difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics, which are two different fields of the economics. Both micro- and macroeconomics provide fundamental tools to help fully understand how an economy is managed and sustained. While the two disciplines appear to be different, they are actually interdependent and complement one another since there are many overlapping issues between the two fields. Microeconomics deals with the ways in which individuals, firms and families take decisions regarding...

These terms sound similar but they are used for entirely different purposes. The housing loan is a loan that is basically used for purchasing a home, though it is often used in a broader sence, for the following: • acquisition of land and construction of house, • repairs, renovation, remodeling or extension of a house, • furnishing, beautification or purchase of a house, etc. Household loan, on the other hand, is designed to meet the short term financial need of individuals or households with consistent income. As its name...

Marketing and sales are both aimed at increasing revenue, but they are closely intertwined. Most people often don’t even realize the difference between the two. In small organizations, the same people typically perform both sales and marketing tasks. Nevertheless, marketing is different from sales. The typical goal of marketing is to generate interest in the product and create leads or prospects. Marketing activities include consumer research, product development, advertising and pricing the products and services. On the other hand,...

The words "term" and "condition" are critical items of a written offer, designed to protect the buyer and seller in a transaction. They are used as a legal English collocation. They are identical, but the two words have different meanings. Conditions must be satisfied before the transaction becomes binding upon the two parties, the seller and the buyer. For example, due diligence allows the buyer to verify all important details before committing to purchase. A term is used to clarify what the buyer expects to be done or included with the...

The private and the public sector are different sectors of the economy. The private sector is usually composed of organizations that are privately owned (and not part of the government). It usually includes corporations (both profit and non-profit) and partnerships. For example, retail stores, credit unions, and local businesses will operate in the private sector. The public sector is usually composed of organizations that are owned and operated by the government. For example, educational bodies, health care bodies, police and prison...

When a task is assigned to a person to conduct a research, the researcher will prepare a document presenting the output of the work performed. This can take various forms, the most frequently used terms are report or brief. A report is a paper containing the findings of the researcher of a certain matter. It can also be an account of events (usually of writing, speech, television, or film) made with the intention of displaying information to the general public, an organization or a specific audience. A brief is an document presenting...

A biography is a detailed description of a person's life. It comprises not only the basic facts about people like education, work, relationships, and death, but also gives an insight into a their life events. It is usually presented in the form of a book. A resume is a document usually required by companies during job interviews that displays one’s work experience and skills. In summary a biography is an informal account of someone’s life while a resume is a more formal list of the person’s abilities and experiences relevant to an...

Both heir and beneficiary are persons to whom property is passed in a probate situation. Heir is known to many as one who inherits property from a deceased person, but don't forget that it refers to one who has not been mentined in the decedent's last will and testament. The beneficiary is a person named in a will to get a share from the estate, either real or personal property. To further confuse the situation, the beneficiary has other meanings, such as the person who uses the property of another for a certain period or for life....

Jogászok minden nap foglalkoznak szerződésírással. A szerződések helyes és pontos megfogalmazása alapvetően fontos, hiszen a szerződésben előforduló egyetlen hiba is súlyos következményekkel járhat. Ezt elkerülendő összegyűjtöttünk 5 tippet, amelyek segítségével tökéletesítheti szerződésírási készségeit, hogy a legmagasabb minőségi elvárásoknak is megfelelő szerződések kerülhessenek ki a keze alól. 1. Tömörség A kaliforniai „Civil Code” bevezetetett egy elvet, miszerint „a felesleges információk kihagyása nem vezet érvénytelenséghez”. Ez...

Many sources on in the Internet make no distinction between these terms, but they are used differently. Generally, earnings refer to the money that a business earns, which may be calculated after deducting the costs of producing, purchasing, or providing the goods or services. It is used in financial indicators, such "earnings per share". It refers to the company’s profit that is attributed to each individual share, and it is an indicator of a company’s profitability. The higher this ratio is, the more valuable its shares are. Another...

Although both terms relate to the money that a company makes, there is significant difference between revenues and profit. Generally, revenue means the money that the company makes in various ways. Most typically, revenues are generated from the operation activities, but money may also come from financial operations (e.g. borrowing or lending) or extraordinary items (one-time transactions, such as selling a property). Profit is the amount of money that a company keeps after deducting expenditures from the revenues. If the expenditures...

For learners of English, disclosure and discloser may sound similar. In fact, they are different terms. Disclosure is the process under which a person in possession of some confidential information reveals such confidential information to someone else. Disclosure is usually made under circumstances where protection is granted, usually by means of a Non-Disclosure Agreement, which is abbreviated to NDA. The Discloser is a person who is engaged in the process of disclosure, thus, reveals confidential information to another person. An NDA...

E-mails often end with a statement that the content of the letter is confidential and privileged. This implies to many that they are similar or even inter-related terms. However, this is not the case. It concerns two different legal concepts: lawyer-client confidentiality and lawyer-client privilege. Both terms address information related to the client that a lawyer is not entitled to reveal. It is also true that both confidential information and privileged information serve the purpose of protecting the client’s ability to confide...

Both warranty and guarantee are used in situations when one provides some products or services and, simultaneously, assumes some kind of additional obligation regarding such products or services. How can we differentiate between them? First let's look at warranty. Warranty is a promise that the provider will stand behind its products or services if they are defective. A warranty is usually a written obligation assumed at the time of providing such products or services. The provider assumes responsibility to repair or replace a defective...

There are basically two types of powers of attorney: general and special. The general power of attorney is used to authorize a person to act instead of another person in all matters that one could do. It is usually given to a person who is, for some reason, unable to or not in the position to act in a certain matter. A general power of attorney is also called durable power of attorney. The special power of attorney is a document in which one authorizes another person, who is called an attorney in the law, to act on behalf of the...

Both drawings and specifications relate to the documents that must be prepared for obtaining the building permit to erect a building or other structure. Drawings usually refer to the technical designs that the architect of civil engineer prepares. It includes the layout and the various sections. Specifications include documents other than drawings and designs, usually consisting of the so called technical descriptions, including the parameters certifying that the building or structure complies with the requirements set forth in the...

Both the renewal and the extension of a contract results in the prolongation of the lease term in everyday terms. Generally speaking, renewal refers to the situation when a contract for a definite term becomes prolonged with another term, usually with the same duration as the original term. In case of extension, the contract is prolonged to a certain date. IN this case the contract will expire at the date specified in the extension clase. Let's look at a practical example. If a contract commencing on January 1 and expiring on...

Duty and tax are just two examples for the sources of income for a government. Duty means levied only on products, first of all, and mainly on goods that are imported from another nation (custom duty), while export duty means the duty imposed on goods that are exported from the country. Taxes, on the other hand, are binding which means that if someone failing to pay them is punishable. Taxes come as direct and indirect tax. Income tax, for example, is a direct tax and VAT is an indirect tax. So duty and tax are different in the sense that the...

Revenue and income are similar terms but their actual usage differ in various ways. Let's look at the difference. In terms of a business, we can talk about income and revenue. Revenue is the total amount of income generated by the sale of goods or services related to the company's primary operations. Revenues are also known as gross sales, which means the total amount of money that the business receives from selling its products and services. It often referred to as the "top line" because it is displayed at the top of the profit and...

Surface and ground water differ in various aspects. The water found on the surface of the earth (rivers, lakes…) are called surface water. Ground water can be found under the surface of the earth. In terms of usage, it is the ground water we drink, use it for cooking, cleaning, etc. Besides these, surface water is used in agriculture or generating electricity. As for the temperature, ground water maintains a constant one, while that of the surface water alters according to the surface. In relation to chemical composition, surface water...

Espionage means the act or practice of spying or of using spies to get to know secret information. It may be committed in service of one’s country. Although all cases of espionage are not illegal, it can be against one’s country if one engages in stealing the secrets of the government of that country. It is important to know that according to law, one can be charged separately with treason or separately with espionage or sometimes both, as treason refers to the violation of allegiance toward one’s country. It is committed against the safety of...

ROE and ROA are two indicators of the financial performance of a company. They are used to find a company’s financial health and its profitability. Since both of them measure the return on investments, ROE and ROA may be confusable. ROE is the abbreviation of Return on Equity. It means that the net profit is divided by total equity. The result is expressed in percentage. ROA, on the other hand is the abbreviation of Return on Assets. It is a measure used to determine how efficiently a company uses its assets. It means if the company gets...

Both progress and development indicate growth, improvement, moving further. Among these meanings, rather development means movement and growth. Development is more on the scope of movement. In this sense, progress has a linear or upward pattern, and is part of a development, development is focused on the expansion of all aspects. In relation to work and labor, progress is concerned with the result of labor. Development deals with the process. Development occurs when there is growth, or the plan and internal growth enables to work more...

The common in the terms marriage and wedding is that in both cases, to persons’ life is united. While wedding refers to the act of marrying, the act of joining closely, marriage means the union itself in which a couple lives, in an ideal case, happily. In other words, wedding refers to the ceremony on the occasion of the beginning of the marriage of a couple, marriage means the legal union of a woman and a man as wife and husband. There are different forms of marriage. In some legislation, the legal union of two persons of the same sex is...

Manner and method are often confusable in terms of their meanings. Manner means the social behavior. For example, if somebody shouts in the streets, it is a bad manner. Manner can refer to a kind of polite behavior that should be innate. For instance, if we say “That person has no manners”, we mean that a person can not behave politely which they should do by nature. Moreover, manner can refer to a poet’s writing style. Method, on the other hand, is often used to refer to any branch of mental activity. It can also mean a scheme of...

Although cause and effect are a series of actions which rationally follows from one action to another, there is a difference between their meanings. Cause happens first. It is anything that makes an event happen. Effect comes after cause. It refers to the outcome of the cause. Effect can not exist without any cause. In other words, cause can explain why the effect comes in the first place. Cause can be a person, object, event or situation that results in something, while effect is the result of the actions of the persons or it means the...

GDP is the abbreviation of Gross Domestic Product, and GNP is Gross National Product. Both measure the size and the strength of and economy but they are calculated in a different manner. While GDP means the estimated value of the total worth of the production and the service of a country, within the borders, GNP refers to the estimated value of the total worth of production or service of a country, on its land, or abroad. Both are calculated over the course on one year. GDP is used to see the strength of a country’s local economy, whereas GNP...

Most often, jails are run by sheriffs or local governments and they are designed to hold individuals awaiting for their trials or serving their sentences. Prisons, on the other hand, are operated by the state and the Federal Bureau of Prisons and they are designed to hold people convicted with a crime. Moreover, jails operate work release programs and specialized programs which address educational needs, substance abuse needs, and vocational needs while managing inmate behavior. Prisons operate halfway houses work release centers and...

The concept of warranty differs in the civil and common law systems, now, we look at the concept "warranty" from a civil law point of view. Civil law being primarily statutory law, the types of warranties are generally described in the civil code of the relevant jurisdiction. However, in general, warranty has two main categories, title warranty and warranty for defects. Title warranty is a statement, or in other words, representation, of a seller concerning the product sold. It generally relates to the legal status of the product...

Both applicants and candidates are persons aspiring either to receive something, or, as in our case, to fill a certain position. Since the two terms are related to each other in the context of employment, we look at the meanings of these words in an employment setting. In employment, an applicant is a person who wishes to get a job, usually by submitting a job application. Please note that application can aim at admission to other institutions, too, such as a university, for example. The company will then decide if they wish to employ such...

In the legal setting, both work and works are related to some efforts exerted by various persons. They all have everyday meanings, but we now look at the legal meaning of the words. Work refers to any activity that one may be engaged in under a contract aimed at performing various activities. In this sense, an employment contract is also a contract aimed at performing work, though a specific one. Contracts for services are also considered contracts for the performance of some type of work. A contracting agreement is also aimed at doing...

Suicide derives from the Latin word suicidium meaning to kill oneself. So suicide means the act of intentionally taking one’s own life. It is often committed because if despair, depression or stress due to financial, family or relationship problems, or unhappiness with one’s own life. Euthanasia, on the other hand, means the act of intentionally taking other person’s life. What makes euthanasia different from killing? Some doctors, for example, are entitled to apply euthanasia on those who are very sick and who have no chance for life and...

Democracy and monarchy refer to two completely different forms of governance. In a monarchy, the head of the state is decided upon heredity, there is no elections for it. The crown is passed from one generation to another and it is essential to be part of the royal family because the children of the monarch inherit the power and the title. There are two types of this form: absolute monarchy-which means the royal family has supreme powers and it can participate in law making, what is more, people have no voice-and constitutional monarchy,...

In legal context, fact means a truth that can be proven. Also, a fact is told by someone and it has to be accepted only on belief. In terms of evidence, there are two types: documental and factual. For example, the decision of a court is always based on documental evidence. It can be disproved with factual evidence. Second, evidence can be easily destroyed because it lacks strength and cannot be proved authentically, while fact can be proved by all means. Moreover, fact is characterized by truth, whereas evidence is characterized by falsehood....

Both fraud and theft are crimes and both are about taking away something from others without permission. Fraud means a deceit over another person in order to gain profit and an untruthful advantage. The main purpose of fraud is take money or other valuable things from other people. Theft means taking away something from somebody without their consent. The difference between the two terms is that while the fraudster tends to hide the crime as long as possible because they do not want their victim to know about something has been stolen from...

Both terms refer to the formation and the structure of legal entities. A corporation may have properties, may sue and be sued, also conduct business in its own name. Shares can be sold, given and inherited. The shareholders’ liability is limited to their investment. Usually they do not risk their personal assets unless a lender or a seller asks them to guarantee payment of their debts. A board of directors manages the corporation who are elected by shareholders. Incorporation, on the other hand, refers to the process that created the...

These words belong to different categories: advice is a noun, while advise is a verb. When you hear these two words without context, it would be really difficult to decide which is which. Fortunately, the pronunciation helps us: advice is pronounced with an [s], whereas advise is pronounced with a [z]. Use-use is the example of the same phenomenon. So advice refers to recommendation, while advise means the act of giving advice. It is important to note that advice is...

Beholder has the meaning of observer. In other words, it is a person who gains awareness of things or events through their senses. Repository refers either to a place where a large number of objects, things are stored, or to a person possesses a lot of information, a wisdom, for example. It also means a side altar in a Roman Catholic church where the consecrated Host is reserved. It also relates to a burial vault. A place or region which is rich in natural resources, it is also called repository....

Capacity primarily occurs as a noun. Its appearance as an adjective is extremely rare but as an adjective it means filling a space with the most it can hold. As a noun, it refers to the ability to receive or hold something, or to the maximum amount that can be contained. It also refers to the mental ability to learn or retain knowledge, or the ability to make or accomplish something. In legal context, it refers to legal qualification or authority. Resource, on the other hand, relates to something that is available for use, or to an available...

Image and appearance have common in the sense that both can relate to physical appearance. However, from other points of view, their meaning is different. Image can appear as a noun or a verb. As a noun, primarily it means the representation of a person or an object. In physics, it refers to an optically formed duplicate or other representative of an object. It also refers to the opinion about something held by the public. Moreover, it also means a mental picture. As a verb, it means to mirror or reflect on the on the one hand, on the other...

Both terms have to do with the meanings in military sense, however, their meaning differs from other points of view. Invasion means the entrance of an armed force into a territory to conquer or it relates to any intrusion. Besides, it means the onset or advent of something harmful, especially, a disease. In pathology, it refers to the spread of cancer from its point of origin into surrounding tissues. Invasion also occurs in the field of botany, where it means the movement of plants to a new area or where they are not native. Occupation, on...

Both words mean a wrong action due to bad judgment or ignorance. They are often used interchangeably, while they have their proper way of usage. In formal or technical context, the use of error is appropriate, and in computing, too, error is the fitting term for any kind of mistake or fault. Mistake, on the other hand is often used in causal English. In language learning, mistake is natural, which the language learner commits while learning, but if they are corrected, they should not come up anymore. If particular mistakes occur more often and...

They are different types of adobe. A townhouse emphasizes more on the terraces and it is more of a contemporary style of a house, whereas a villa consists of a larger central building with all amenities. Most villas are built in Roman style and for the upper class. Townhouses are found in crowded areas, usually in town or cities. Villas have beautiful gardens which townhouses do not. Villas are usually for one family, while townhouses may accommodate more. Villas usually stand alone, whereas townhouses are built in complexes....

Both nouns refer to something that is threatening or can cause harm or damage. Hazard refers to the source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects under certain conditions. Examples can include, for instance, electricity, chemicals, certain working conditions (like climbing up a ladder), bully at work, stress. Risk, on the other hand, is the high or low chance that any kind of hazard will cause harm. In other words, it refers to a factor or a cause involving uncertain danger, hazard. It is also used as a term for the variability of...

Both terms refer to killing a human being. The main difference between them is determined upon the intention in the mind of the killer. Murder means killing another person without any justification or excuse. In other words, it is the unlawful premeditated killing of a human being. In the most modern statutes of the US, murder has four varieties: intentional murder, a killing which resulted from the intention to cause bodily injury, a killing which resulted from a depraved heart or extreme recklessness, and finally, a killing committed by an...

Both depreciation and devaluation mean an incent when the value of currency falls in terms of another one. The main difference between them lies in the manner in which this happens. Devaluation happens when a country consciously lowers its exchange rate in a fixed or semi-fixed exchange rate. This may be done, for example, in order to boost its exports. Devaluation is only possible if the country is a member of some kind of fixed exchange rate policy. Depreciation, on the other hand, occurs due to supply and demand factors, that is, the value...

Firstly, than is a conjunction used mainly in comparisons. Then is primarily an adverb usually used place actions in time. For example: First, I went to the post office, then I did the shopping, then I went home. In distinguishing between the two words, it is useful to remember that than has no one-word synonyms. Promotion is cheaper than advertising.The word then most often relates to time. Then can be used as enumeration, as well....

Basically, advertising is a one-way communication, where the purpose is to inform customers about products and services. Promotion, on the other hand, is about disseminating the information about a product or a brand. Advertising is used in long term, while promotion in short term. Thus, advertising is more expensive than promotion. The purpose of advertising is to increase sales and to build brands, while the aim of promotion is only to increase sales. Advertising is suitable for medium to larger companies, while promotion is appropriate for...

Copyright, as a noun, protects basically the expression of ideas which can include books, paintings, songs, movies… In other words, it prohibits the distribution of the original works of an author. However, it does not protect the process through which this particular work was created or the use of information it contains. Patent is a right, granted by the government, to exclude others from making, using or selling an invention. The essential point is that patents protect ideas, not just their expressions. Copyright, in this form, can also...

Stock and bond are the two main categories of assets investors use. While stocks represent an ownership interest in a corporation, bonds are long-term debts, in which the issuing corporation has to pay the principal amount by a given date. Stocks pay dividends to the owners only if the corporation declares a dividend, while bonds pay interest rate to the bondholders. Stocks can be bought and sold, while in case of bonds, they make the owner a lender. In other words, stock is a piece of corporation signifying partial ownership in the company,...

With debit cards, you can pay for goods in shops and it is also used to withdraw money at any time. The money is automatically taken from the current account when it is spent, so enough money is needed to have on the account. Some debit cards are contactless, meaning that you do not need to type in your PIN-code under a certain amount. In opposition, a credit card is not linked to the current account but it is a credit facility which enables you to buy things immediately up to a certain limit and pay for them at a later date. However, the cost...

Notice and notification sounds very similar, as both refers to the procss thorugh which the parties can inform each other. However, their meaning is different. Notice is rather used in the sense of observe or warning, while the synonym of notification could be announcement. And this is the main difference between the two words. It is important to note that notice can occur in this form either as a noun or a verb. If it is a verb, it refers to the meaning of observe. But when it is used as a noun, then it means warning. In other words,...

A developed country has a high-level of industrial development, and the base of its economy is technology and manufacture, while a developing country bases its economy rather on agriculture. In a developed country, the factors of production (like natural resources) are fully utilized and leads to mass production and consumption, which results in high level of per capita income. In contrast, developing countries do not have the means and the resources for mass production and thus, for mass consumption, therefore, the per capita income in these...

Insurance: The legal term for providing coverage for a contingent loss. Assurance: A term synonymous to insurance. These two terms are often mixed up because they sound similarly. In financial context, insurance refers to the guaranteeing protection of an object or a person or it means the guarantee in case of loss or damage. Assurance, on the other hand, means to make someone comfortable with a decision and to clarify their doubts. Insurance refers to the protection against an event that might happen, while assurance means the...

The meaning of these nouns are really similar, however, they are not the same. Intention means the aim that guides an action or an objective. It also means goals or aims. In legal context, it means the design with which a person refrains from doing an act. In medicine, it refers to a certain manner of healing, like healing fracture without granulation. Will, on the other hand, desire, purpose, determination, so it is kind of stronger than intention. It can also mean self-determination or self-discipline. As a verb, it means to decide or to...

Both verbs mean to tell somebody about something. Both verbs can have two objects. The first difference is that notify is more official than inform. Basically, notify means to give someone a notice of something, whilst inform means to provide information. Also, it means to disclose confidential information to an authority, or to report. In addition, it also refers to the act of education or training, but this sense of meaning is a bit obsolete. Inform may occur as an adjective in this form, in this case, it means unshaped. Notify, on the other...

Affect, which is primarily a verb, means to have an influence, to act on the emotions. It might occur as a noun, in that case, affect refers to a feeling or an emotion which is manifested by facial expressions or body language. Influence, on the other hand, means a power which affects people, a thing or events. It also refers to the power or affect based on prestige, wealth, ability or position. In addition, it can also relate to a determining factor which is believed to affect individual tendencies. As a verb, it means to have an effect upon...

Both employment and labour are related the relationship regulating the world of work. Basically, the contractual relationship between the employer and the employee is called employment. The contract regulating their relationships is called employment contract. Labour, or as used in American English, labor, is the relationship between all parties involved in any labour issues.In addition to employer and employee,it most often includes the organization of the employees, namely the trade union or the workers' (or works ) council. The...

Both the agency and the contracting agreements aim at certain services to be peformed by the agent/contractor to the principal/client. An agency contract is made between the principal and the agent, under which the latter agrees to represent the principal in any matters or perform certain duties in advancement of the interest of the principal. A contract whereby the contractor agrees to build, repair, assemble or create a product required by the client. The difference between the agency contract and the contracting agreement is...

In everyday use, the two words are often used interchangeably; however, they refer to different types of offences. The word ’crime’ is used in a wider sense describing either intentional or accidental wrongs. A murder, a fraud, a robbery can all be described as a crime. The punishment for a crime is more severe than the punishment for a delict. Contrary to the word ’crime’, delict refers exclusively to offences resulting from the intentional or negligent breach of duty. A breach of contract or breach of trust can be considered as a...

In the course of human history, revolutions and civil wars have taken place from time to time. Revolution comes from the Latin word ‘revolutio’ meaning ’turn around’. It refers to an event during which people revolt against their government with the aim of toppling the current regime. It is interesting to mention that, figuratively speaking, the word ’revolution’ can also be used to describe cultural, technological or digital changes, if these phenomena occur quickly and suddenly. Contrary to revolutions, civil wars take place among people...

These are two tricky words because it seems that concept and conception can be used interchangeably. They are releated to each other in a sense that both refers to creating or having something new. Conception is the act of conceiving things and persons. Conception referes to how a new organizm is produced. This word is used synonimously to fertilization. A concept is a notion or an idea, very often referring to a new one. It is often an abstraction or generalization from experience or from theory. In the law, concepts referes to...

The first difference is that while conduct can be either a noun or a verb, behavior occurs as a noun, in this word form. Behavior refers to the action of a living being or a system, while conduct, as a noun refer to the way a person acts, especially from the point of view of morality and ethics. As a verb, it can mean lead or control, or to serve for conveying or transmitting. Behavior can mean the response to various external impulsions and it is controlled by the nervous system. In musical sense, conduct refers to the act of direction of a...

Historic refers to an important and influential event of history, or to some famous persons in history, while historical means anything from the past. In light of this, the first voyage to the Moon is historic; the architecture of a town center can be historical. Historical documents mean documents from the history but if we talk about an important decision, for example, it is historic. Also a house can be historic, if and important person lived...

Authoritative simply means to have due authority, or to have an air of authority. An authoritative person demonstrates authority, she or he is commanding. It also means being recognized or accepted as true, reliable or official. This adjective can also refer to showing or having impressive knowledge about a particular field, or having a confident quality of a respected person. Authoritarian, on the other hand, means being characterized by or to be favoring obedience to authority, as against individual freedom. It also refers to the person who...

These word are often used as interchangeable words, however, there is a big difference between them. Summary is about dispensing with unnecessary matters and presenting only what is needed. Summation, on the contrary, is about dealing with totaling all that is available. To put it differently, summary means briefing, while summation refers to totaling. Moreover, summary is used rather in an official sense, while summation occurs in mathematical context, while in legal sense, in the US, it means the conclusion of statements made by opposing...

These terms are often used as interrelated, however, they differ in terms of education level and responsibilities. Firstly, a technologist has a greater role. This means that while a technician has a practical understanding of technology, a technician has a good knowledge of the general principles of their field, whereas a technologist is aware of various technologies. Thus, a technologist controls the technician, former’s position is above. As for their education, a technologist has an engineering degree; a technician has some kind of lower...

Both adjectives mean possible, however, they are slightly different in the world of business, they differ mainly in usage with other words. To understand this very small difference, it is necessary to look at their definition. Feasible means capable of being accomplished or brought about, or capable of being used or dealt with successfully. In another sense, it also means logical or likely. Viable, on the other hand, means capable of living, or developing under favorable conditions. In business, there are some words which can be used only with...

Both terms describe the characters of a person or a system but it is important to understand the differences between them so as not to confuse them. Behavior refers to the action of a living being or a system, while habit is the routine of behavior. Habit occurs when a behavior is repeated regularly and it occurs subconsciously. Behavior means the response to various external impulsions. Habit sometimes can be “compulsory”, behavior, on the contrary, is controlled by the nervous system. Behavior can turn to be a habit but is does not work the...

These terms are similar in terms of a country, is either a protectorate or a colony, it is influenced by another country in some ways. However, protectorate means that the state is under the protection of another country in exchange for something. This other country acts as a defender and protects the protectorate from foreign invasion. On the contrary, a colony is a territory governed by another country, thus, it does not have any sovereignty. A protectorate is likely to have foreign relations but they are directed towards the country that...

Technics, by definition, means the study of an art, or arts generally, especially in terms of mechanical or industrial ones, that is, their technicality. In other words, this term refers to the technical details, rules or methods, if the word is used in plural. If it is in singular, it means theory or the principles of an art. On the other hand, technology refers to the branch of knowledge dealing with the creation and the use of technical means and their connection to life, society and environment. It can also mean the scientific or...

These terms are similar in the sense that both courier and cargo are modes of sending a parcel, they differ in more aspects. For example, as for the parcel itself to be sent, cargos usually send goods, heavy packages, clothing, materials and so on, while courier is about sending smaller items, like documents. Cargo ensures the safety of the things while couriers do not guarantee it. They also differ in the amount of time the sending of the parcels take: for cargos, delivery takes longer. Cargo services usually handle more number of things to...

Both are a means of water transport and they are referred as smaller types. The first difference between them is that a boat is generally longer: it is usually 197 feet long, while a yacht is about 30 feet long. However, a boat can be referred to as a yacht if it is luxurious enough. They also differ in usage. Yachts are used for longer trips and thus, they are equipped with modern navigation system. As a consequence, they are more expensive, especially if they are so called megayachts or superyachts. In short, yachts are kept mainly for the...

Both words can occur as nouns and verbs, too and both are a means of water transport. The first difference between them is that, for example, a ship can carry a boat, but it is not true the other way. That is, there is a difference between them in terms of size: ship is bigger. Secondly, they differ in relation to operational areas. Ships are operated in oceanic areas and high seas. Cruise vessels, naval ships, tankers, container ships are all belong to the category of ships. They are built mainly for cargo or passenger transportation. In...

These terms are often used together, for example, in instructions. Both of them have Latin origin. Compare comes from comparare, meaning to liken or compare. Contrast comes from contra + stare, meaning against + to stand. This information suggests that compare refers to the relative value of the objects in all qualities, while contrast means to look at the dissimilarities between two (or more) things. Although, compare is about to find similarities, it can trigger the meaning of contrasting the items as well, after finding the similarities. To...

Both terms occur generally in environmental context. Conservation is about to accept that changes and progressions are necessary for a better future but only if the change takes place not in a way that is not wasteful. Environmental conservation is sometimes regarded as a shallow form of environmentalism. On the contrary, preservation refers to the act of those areas of the Earth in their present condition which is still untouched by humans. Environmentalist preservation is seen a deeper form of environmentalism. Conversation refers to the...

To understand better the difference between the two terms, it is necessary to clarify their definitions. Refugee refers to a person who flees from the home land to another country seeking refuge from war, political oppression or religious persecution. Asylum means protection from extradition granted by a government to a refugee from another country. Both terms are used in immigration law and they are often confused and both of them refers to persons who are subject to persecution beaus of their race, ethnicity, religion, nationality or...

These two adjectives are the features of statements which are used by speakers to get their points across. By definition, subjective means based on a person’s experience, understanding or feelings. Objective means based on observation, or uninfluenced by emotions or personal prejudices. Facts are objectives but beliefs are subjective opinions. An objective fact is based on observation; subjective beliefs are, as mentioned before, personal opinions or assumptions. Objective facts can be found in science, subjective opinions exist rather in...

The first difference between the two words is that search in this form can be either a noun or a verb, selection, in this form, is only noun. Regarding their meaning, the main difference between them is that while in case of search, you do not have a group of people, for example, from which you can chose some people for a job, you need to find appropriate ones by vacancy notices. In case of selection, you have the opportunity to choose the most appropriate persons from a given group. By definition, search means to look through carefully to...

Contributory negligence: An old legal theory under which a wrongdoer is not held liable if the other party’s fault was involved in the wrongdoing. Comparative negligence: A more advanced theory under which the fault of the other party involved in a wrongdoing does not relieve the first party from liability but determines the degree of fault to which each individual contributed to the cause of the...

Primary sources of law: The supreme source of EU law consists mainly of the founding treaties of the European Union. They are at the apex of the European legal order; they prevail over all other sources of law. Secondary sources of law: Laws made by the European Union institutions in exercising the powers conferred to them by the Treaties. They consist of regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations and opinions of the appropriate bodies ...

Conflict of laws: Sometimes termed private international law, provides methods to solve dispute between private entities where an international element is involved. International law: The law regulating the relations between independent states and international relations in general. It also regulates the affairs of entities where their relations concern international matters. Also termed public international law....

Public procurement in the common law: It is governed by regulation that carries the force of law and is passed by legislative bodies. Public procurement in civil law system: The public procurement process regulated by legislative actions called Public Procurement Act, in compliance with EU...

General private law: It consist of the traditional fields of civil law, namely the law of persons, property, contracts, torts, succession and family. Special private law: Fields of the private law which, due to their nature, require special regulations, such as commercial law, business law and labour law. Some scholars believe intellectual property law also belongs to this...

Substantive law: The statutory law that governs rights and obligations of those who are subject to it. Procedural law: Areas of law that regulate the legal process, including who can have access to the court system, how complaints are submitted, and the legal steps that can or must be...

Jurisprudence: The pulling together of a distilled theory of a certain field of law. Legal science: A specific German concept of categorization of the several fields and sub-fields into specific...

French codification: It is based on a practical and rational approach intended to be used by citizens. German codification: It is based on the principles of law that have been historically in effect in...

Act: A statutory enactment passed by the legislature. Law: A general term for all legal principles, rules, etc. in existence....

Both thesis and dissertation are assigned to graduate students. In order to get a degree, people need to get a passing grade on these papers. One difference between the two can be found in subject choice. While a thesis is composed of an original subject and include own hypothesis, working along with an advisor, dissertation is made up of original insights and collected knowledge during your studies. The other main difference is that a thesis is submitted at the end of master’s degree, dissertation is submitted to obtain pHd degree. A...

These are adverbs and usually the noun area is attached after them. A rural area has agricultural characters while urban areas are ones with increased density of human-created structures. Rural areas include villages and hamlets, whereas urban ones cover towns and cities. Rural areas tend to develop randomly, according to natural vegetation and fauna available in a region, urban areas are planned settlements built up according to urbanization. Urban areas are defined by advanced opportunities for work and education, facilities for transport,...

Both are key positions, they are higher in the hierarchy. A manager is responsible for the aspects of job, a project or a team, while a leader is an influential person and an example for others. Managers have the ability to implement plans for a team or a business. A leader leads a group and performs the best of their ability and helps the others, as well. Leaders usually deal with personal issues of a team, whereas a manager rather works with projects and manages tasks. Managers have subordinates who follow their rules, while leaders have...

It is extremely important to note two facts in connection with these words. Firstly, data in this form is plural in English. The singular one is datum, which was taken from Latin. Secondly, information is an uncountable noun, so the suffix –s can not be attached to the end of the word. In light if this fact, be careful with the verb agreement: use plural verb after information and data. If you want to use it in plural form, pieces of information. The first difference between the two is that data can be regarded as a building block, while...

The two notions are related to biological and sociological factors. Race is about the physical characteristics, like skin or hair color, while ethnicity refers to culture including nationality, ancestry or language. It means a population group where the members identify one other on the basis of their history, nationality or shared cultural traditions. Race is about to divide people into populations based on physical features. Ethnic groups tend to distinguish themselves differently from one period to another, while races are distinguished by...

Both notions describe success and reaching goals. Growth shows an increase in something which can be counted. For example, an organization can grow by adding people. Profit can grow by adding money. Growth is shown through evidence of it happening. By itself, it can not measure development. On the other hand, development can be caused by structural changes, for instance. It can refer to economic development which means that not only the profit increases but working conditions get better and employees may have higher salary. To sum up, growth...

The first thing which should be clarified in connection with administration that in the United States, it means what government refers to in the United Kingdom. Secondly, administration and management differ in various aspects. Administration is rather about setting up objectives, while management means the act of putting into practice the policies decided upon by the administration. Administration has determinative function whereas management has an executive one. The decisions of administration are shaped by public opinion, government...

Both belong to tertiary education. Colleges are smaller institutions of higher education which offers undergraduate degree. Some of them, like community colleges or junior colleges lasts for two year but the length of education time can differ, for example, some of them lasts for four years, still, it is a college. Universities, on the other hand, offer not only undergraduate degree but graduate ones as well, like master or PhD. They have more diverse educational program in order for the students to obtain a more rounded knowledge. Medical or...

Both bus and coach are used for carrying passengers to a place, so the two terms are often used interchangeably. However, there is difference between them in terms of service, comfort and price. Buses usually have a schedule according to which they stop frequently at given stops. Coaches make stops too but less frequently. They refer to more luxurious form of bus and they usually cover longer distance, from one city to another or even from one country to another. Because of this, coaches tend to have toilets, DVD players, and air conditioning...

First of all, artefact is a variant of artifact. Structure refers to bigger buildings, artefact relates to smaller hand-made objects. Structure means the way in which parts are arranged or put together. It refers to something constructed but which is not hand-made, while artefact is something hand-made in order to use it or something which is given shape by man. In a somewhat abstract sense, structure means the pattern or the system of belief or relationship in society. It also means a complex system considered from the aspect of the whole....

Rationale and explanation differ in the viewpoint. Both of the words have Latin origin. While rationale is the process by which one arrives to a conclusion, explanation means to clarify something in order to make it clear. Rationale is about logic and reasoning, while explanation is about meaning, interpretation, the basis or fundamental reason of a phenomenon. In legal context, rationale means a discussion of the reasons behind how a decision was made. This kind of document discusses the reason of choice, how it was developed, what...

Disqualification: Divesting one from the right to participate in receiving from the estate for well-grounded reasons. Disinheritance: The act whereby a potential heir is deprived of his/her share in the estate for specific reasons or no reason at all....

Decedent: A person who has died. Also referred to as the deceased. Descendant: The progeny (child or grandchild) of a decedent....

Testamentary succession: The passing of property to the beneficiaries named in the will. Intestate succession: The passing of property without testamentary disposition, in accordance with the rules of succession effective in the given state....

Donation inter vivos: A document giving property to a beneficiary during the lifetime of a donor. Donation mortis causa: A deed transferring property to the recipient upon the death of the donor....

Living trust: A trust set up during the lifetime of a person, usually in order to transfer property directly to the beneficiaries and to avoid probate. Testamentary trust: A trust created as a testamentary disposition, which takes effect upon the death of a person....

Both administrator and executor are involved in distributing the property of a deceased person to the inheritors. The difference is the existence of a last will and testament. THe executor's role is to distribute the property under a will in a testamentary process. The executor is specificaly named by the decased person in the will. The executor acts based on the power vested in him/her by the testator, as executor is a person trusted by the deceased. The executor is expected to act in strict compliance with the decrees of the deceased...

Waiver: Voluntarily giving up certain rights that one would otherwise be entitled to based on some law or a contract. Reservation of right: An express statement that one will assert his/her rights. Such rights include various claims for money, such as insurance amounts or rights to property, such as intellectual property rights....

Alimony: The money paid for the financial support of a former spouse after the dissolution of the marriage. Palimony: Support paid to a partner in a dissolved relationship, where the partners were not...

Dissolution of marriage: A legal term for the termination of the marriage through a judicial process. Divorce: A colloquial term describing the dissolution of marriage in layperson's terms....

Separation: Separation does not put an end to the marriage but enables the spouses to own separate property and live separately whilst remaining married. Separation will put an end to the community property between husband and wife. Dissolution: Term used for the legally decreed termination of the bonds of marriage, after which the ex-spouses will be free to remarry....

Alternating custody: A situation when the child spends a certain period of time with one, then with the other parent. While the child is with one parent, such parent retains sole authority over the child. Shared custody: Though the child spends time with both parents, each parent retains joint authority over the child irrespective of which parent the child is currently living with....

Separate property: The spouses may agree that the property acquired by one party shall belong to whom such earnings are attributable. Community property: The property of the husband and wife, either acquired jointly during the marriage, or separately, prior to the marriage, which becomes the joint property of the...

Physical custody: After the dissolution of the marriage, the child spends most of his/her time with one of the parents. In certain cases, joint custody may also be ordered by the court. Legal custody: The right to make decisions concerning the most important issues related to the child. It usually includes education, housing, religion, as well as other factors that significantly affects the future of the child....

Financial statement: A statement setting forth the property to be distributed between the spouses. Financing statement: A document used in a commercial transaction, under the Uniform Commercial Code, to perfect a security interest ....

Blood relations: The relation between persons who are born from the same ancestor or between a person and his/her descendants. It is also called consanguinity. Marital relations: Relations other than blood relations can be created by marriage. The relation is not only created between the spouses, but also between one spouse and the relatives of the other...

Discrepancies: It permits several different documents to be in effect between the parties and specifies the order of precedence between them. Entire agreement: It specifies that the contract is the one and only agreement regulating the rights and obligations of the parties. No other agreement will be in effect between...

Severability: Severability means that the invalidity of one provision of a contract does not affect the validity of the rest of it. Survival: Survival clause sets out the specific provisions which will continue to apply in the event that one or both parties terminates the...

Excuse: The reason why a person is not culpable for the wrong caused. Defence: The right to take certain actions to protect oneself or one's property....

Reimbursement: Generally applies to a two-party situation where one party is required to pay the other party a certain sum expended by that party in a certain process. Indemnification: Generally applies to a three-party situation where a third party agrees to stand good for moneys provided by the first party to the second party in the activity. The third party (indemnifier) pays instead of the second party to the first party....

Imputable: Causing someone to bear the liability for acts not necessary his/her own. The act of a person will be imputed to another who may have done nothing but found culpable. Attributable: Similar but not identical to imputable. It draws connection between persons or things based on cause without dealing with liability issues....

Reparatory function of damages: The purpose of restoring the damaged party to the original condition and not to deter other members of the society from performing similar actions. Punitive function of damages: In the common law, damages may also be exemplary when they are awarded to deter other members of the society from performing such actions....

Reparation: The process of making amends for a damage which has already occurred. Restitution: The process of restoring the original condition....

Product liability: The liability of producers for any injury caused by their products, based on the concept of strict liability, regardless of the chain of supply of the merchandise. Strict liability: Liability of a person for a wrong caused by his/her act regardless of fault. The plaintiff has to prove only the occurrence of the damage and the liability therefore, but not the intention or the negligence of the...

Contractual obligation: A legal relationship between two or more parties based on a contract which regulates the respective rights and obligations of the parties. Delictual obligation: The legal duty of the wrongdoer to the plaintiff based not on a contract but an event occurring under the control of the wrongdoer, which is called a civil wrong or, in civil law terms, a delict....

Contract law: A field of law that regulates obligations arising from a contract formed, either expressly or impliedly, between two entities. Contract law regulates, among other important issues, the formation, the defences against the validity, and the various ways of the ending of a contract, as well as the remedies for a breach of contract. Tort law: The body of law that regulates obligations arising from a civil wrong. In this case the obligation is created by a duty to compensate the injured party for the wrong caused, not based on an...

Both collateral and security refers to the sitaution when a secondary obligation is created in order to secure the primary obligation. Collateral is a general term signifying the concept that a secondary obligation is provided to ensure the performance of the primary obligation. It may not be used in the plural since it is not a specific right but the description of a legal concept. On the other hand, security is a legal instrument for securing an obligation. It may take various forms and it is also used for specific security...

Impossibility of performance: Situation when the services cannot be rendered due to objective, usually physical, causes. Impracticability: Though performance is possible in theory, it would cause extreme and unreasonable difficulty, thus releasing the provider from its...

Impossibility of performance: The situation when a contracting party is released from the obligation for reasons outside his/her control to perform a contract on the grounds that circumstances have made such performance impossible. Frustration of purpose: An excuse for the non-performance of a duty due to the delay of the provider for reasons that were unforeseen and beyond the control of the provider....

Lapse: Becoming invalid through the passage of time. Elapse: Refers simply to time going...

Consent: An affirmation of the action of another, either expressly or impliedly. Assent: An inactive way of agreeing to an act of another, primarily in making a contract....

Acquiescence: A method of going along with a suggested action. The lack of dissent is deemed by the other party to be consent. Tacit agreement: An agreement where parties give their silent consent and raise no objection to a transaction. This is a form of entering into a contract by conduct....

Contract implied in fact: A contract where one of the parties has performed in reliance on a factual understanding between the parties, and then wishes to enforce the promise that was given in exchange for his performance. Also called contract implied by conduct. Contract implied in law: A contract created by the court in the absense of a contract in order to compensate the provider of some services and prevent unjust enrichment....

Obligor: Contracting parties defined by their duties and responsibilities. Obligee: Contracting party defined by their benefits and rights....

Both nouns have to do with agreement, although, they differ in its degree. Firstly, compromise in this form can be either a noun or a verb. Compromise looks for a mutual agreement. Although, it satisfies only partially each party and both of them has to give up a part of their demands but it is a solution which can be accepted by either of them. It means to find an agreement in an argument through the means of communication. There are no winners or losers of a compromise. A compromise is acceptable if the aims of both parties are equally...

These words are usually used interchangeably but their usage is quite different. Sex refers to the biological and physical properties of people. Gender, on the one hand, describes the characteristics that a society believes to be feminine or masculine, for example, behaviors, roles, expectations and activities in society. On the other hand, gender means the grammatical gender of a noun, in certain...

The basic difference is that credit means funds added to an account, while debit menas charging funds against an account. These notions occur in accounting and debit or credit cards are also associated with them. In accounting or bookkeeping, it means that in every business transaction is recorded at least two accounts in the double-entry system. One account receives the debit entry, that is, the amount of money that is entered in the left side of the account. Another account receives the credit entry, meaning the amount which has to be...

In linguistic sense, subject is generally the noun phrase in a sentence that denotes the doer of the action or what is described by the predicate. Object, on the other hand, is the noun phrase in a sentence or a clause which is affected by the action of a verb. In another sense, subject is a person being under the rule of another person or an authority. Object can also mean purpose, aim, a specific action or effort. It is important, that in legal context, subject always refers to people, while object refers to animals or things. Also in law,...

The common in these notions is that both refer to a kind of certification at the end of a type of education ended with an exam. One can obtain a degree only from a university or at the end of a type of education lasted for 3-4 years at least, and a diploma after a type of education lasted for 1-2 years or at the end of polytechnics or other types of educational institution where you can study a trade. To get a university degree, students have to take general education courses (electives) to obtain a more rounded knowledge. Note that in the...

Both verbs mean not to accept something. The difference lays in the usage because to refuse to do something means to say that you will not do something or you do not accept something, a proposal, for example. In this case, you reject it, that is, you refuse to accept it. You can reject a person; in this case, you do not show interest in them, at all. To refuse refers to decline to accept something that was offered, for example, an award. In military sense, it means to curve back, to bend. A claim can be rejected but a permission or a request...

Their common meaning is in a right way. Duly refers to more general meaning: doing a task punctually, fittingly or in a proper or expected way, or doing something at the correct or expected time. Properly means as intended, in the accepted form and manner....

These people cannot be replaceable with a lawyer, simply. These two notions are present in common low, and that is why it is hard to find an equivalent for them in continental law. A solicitor may perform all legal services, performs legal work outside court, they can work for commercial and non-commercial law firms, for example. They have special knowledge in different areas of law. Mostly, they advise clients. A barrister mainly defends people in court. They wear a wig and a gown in court. They work at higher level or courts. Just like...

Obtain could be a synonym for acquire, but while the latter means to get, the former means to get hold of, to gain possession of something. In linguistics, it means to achieve native-like level of language knowledge, however, do not confuse it with language learning. In military context, it refers to location and track with a detector. Skills are acquired but a degree, for instance, is obtained. Obtain with an object, means to come into possession of something trough an effort or by a request. Without an object, it means to be prevalent or...

Fault as noun, refers to an imperfection or the responsibility for a wrongful act. In Geology, it means the break in the continuity in the body of a rock. In Electronics, it refers to some kind of defect caused by poor grounding, for example. In legal context, it means the legal blameworthiness, for example neglect of care, but it implies any negligence defect or judgment. Failure means the lack of success, the nonperformance of something due or required. In business, the failure of a bank is bankruptcy. In medical sense, it appears in names...

The first large difference is that while fault can be either a noun or a verb, error occurs only as noun. An error is an act or an instance that unintentionally deviates from what is correct or true either in speech or in written form. It also means a moral offense, a sin. In Mathematics, error refers to the difference between the observed and the true value of a quantity. In legal context, error is a mistake in a court proceeding concerning a fact. Fault as noun, refers to an imperfection or the responsibility for a wrongful act. In Geology,...

Transfer: The process of parting with a piece of property or any interest therein and vesting it to someone else. Alienation: A general term for any means of giving up title to a...

Servient tenement: Real property subject to the legal burden of easement. Dominant tenement: Real property for the benefit of those to whom an easement...

Substantive right in another's property: A right to ensure a limited use of property owned by others. Security interests: The right to obtain satisfaction from the property in case of a failure to fulfill certain obligations....

Leasehold: Real property whereby the possession and use have been conveyed by the owner to an entity for consideration. Freehold: The outright ownership of a real property without any restriction. This type of tenure contrasts with leasehold, where the leaseholder has the right to occupy a property for a specified period of...

Fusion: The process of joining together property items which previously were individually owned. Partitioning: The process of legally dividing the joint ownership of a...

Original acquisition: The title of ownership is not acquired from the previous owner. Derivative acquisition: The ownership title has been acquired from the previous owner, and all rights are subject to the title of the previous...

Squatter's right: Definitionally, it does not involve the right to acquire title, but it is a mere right to possession. Adverse possession: It gives the possessor, under the appropriate and very specific circumstances, title to the property of another....

Both real estate and real property has the same legal meaning, they are defined as land and anything permanently connected to another either by being affixed to, or growing from or otherwise attached thereto in a way that it cannot be detached without causing irreparable damage to such property item. In this respect, they are interchangeable, however, there is a difference in the usage of the two terms. In a nutshell, use property when talking about a thing in the law, especially when descrbing or defining a specific thing in a...

Chose in action: An absolute right to personal property to be acquired in the future by legal action or otherwise. Chose in possession: Personal property in your possession and absolute control....

Right: A person's ability to do something or function in a certain way. It is bestowed by law or based on universally accepted concepts. Power: The ability, granted by law or by a person initially possessing such power, to perform a task....

Intellectual property rights: The main purpose of this clause is to reserve all rights related to intellectual property, or, at least, determine the precise conditions upon which transfer of such rights are permitted by the contract. Consent to sub-licence: It is intended to grant permission to the licensee to allow its customers to use the intellectual property owned by the license holder....

Patent search: The process of determining whether any other person has any right to the invention. Patent examination: The examination of the patent as to its conformity with the requirements of patents....

Program: The set of computer codes which operate on hardware to fulfil general or special functions. Programme: A special event or series of events, especially in the UK, where this distinction is made. ...

Neighbouring rights: IP law term used for rights related to copyrights to protect those who are technically not authors but involved in distributing such rights. Neighbours' rights: A property law term used for certain rights of the owner of land to the neighbouring...

Trademark registration process: The exclusive right to trademark can be obtained either through registration or actual use, depending on the jurisdiction. Patent application process: It is initiated by filing an application with the Patent Office. This is followed by a lengthy and thoroughly regulated process that may result in granting patent protection for a certain period....

License: A permission given either by a private individual or a government agency to conduct certain activities, usually on a regular basis. Permit: An act of a government agency to allow a process which, though not forbidden, may not be pursued without such authority due to its inherent danger or because such activity is a source of state income....

Declaration: A statement made under oath, to which some kind of liability is tied. An untrue declaration usually gives rise to criminal prosecution. Statement: Any expression of a person, intentional or unintentional, to which no specific liability is linked....

Public fine: An amount of money required by public officials to be paid to the public treasury. Damages: Monetary compensation to be paid by the wrongdoer to the damaged party in a civil action....

Secrecy: The requirement not to disclose information to third parties. Privacy: The right to be free from exposure or scrutiny from other the public....

Secrecy: The general requirement not to disclose information to others, usually in political, business or trade context. Confidentiality: The legal or contractual requirement not to disclose certain information to third parties. ...

Violation: Related to performing an action which is not permitted by law. If used in connection with rights, it usually refers to rights granted by statute. Infringement: Usually refers to acting inconsistently with someone's rights, most typically in the context of IP law....

Inherent rights: An inalienable right that is inherent in human beings. Inherent rights constitute a separate category within personal rights. They only attach to natural persons, such as the right to bodily wholeness. Personal rights: A right that all persons are entitled to on account of being a person, natural or fictitious alike. Rights attached to persons can be statutory and not...

NGO: A publicly funded organization for some specific purpose established for the good of mankind. Civic organization: A self-financed or voluntary group of like-minded individuals established for some purpose of improving the general standards of human welfare....

Natural person: A human being as distinguished from an artificial person established by statute. Artificial person: Fictitious person created based on a provision of...

Capacity: A general legal term describing the legal qualification of a person, including various factors such as age, mental ability, as well as capacity to sue, which is also known as standing to sue. Competence: A term used in law to denote a person’s basic ability to do something. Also used to describe the ability of a (judicial or other) body to take certain actions. It is used for specific situations rather than a general description of a person....

Legal status: The legal conditions of a person or entity regarding their rights. Legal standing: The right of a person or entity to make legal claims before a court or other authority....

Private individual: A person who does not hold any political or public office or is not a member of the military or law enforcement, or if so, is not acting in such official capacity. Natural person: A human being as distinguished from an artificial person established by statute....

Limitation: It is used for limiting either time or monetary values. Restriction: Determining the confines of actions, usage of property, as well as rights and privileges....

The American rule: The practice under which each side bears their own attorney's fees. The English rule: The principle that the losing party is required to pay the prevailing party’s legal...

Limitation: The time period within which action may be brought against the defendant. Limits: A physical or geographical point beyond which something does not extend....

Res judicata: No actions may be brought against the same person, under the same cause of action, once the matter had been adjudicated. Final judgement: There is no further remedy against a judicial...

Dispute: When persons do not agree with a certain point of fact or law and resort to a formal or informal proceeding. Controversy:A euphemistic term for the dispute between the parties....

Arbitration: A formal way of resolving a dispute with the involvement of an arbitrator, which is binding on the parties. Mediation: A process where the mediator makes an attempt to eliminate the dispute by helping the parties overcome controversy....

Statute of Limitation: Defence which attempts to terminate an existing legal proceeding by claiming its untimely initiation in situations where the dispute is otherwise ripe for adjudication. Bar: A legal action to bar the commencement or continuation of a legal proceeding is based on a variety of grounds, for instance that the forum in which it has been commenced has no jurisdiction over the parties or the issue, or the dispute is not yet ripe for litigation or performance under any circumstances cannot be compelled....

Competence: he ability of the court to adjudicate a specific matter. Jurisdiction: The authority conferred upon a court to adjudicate cases brought before it....

Unofficial documents providing conclusive evidence: Documents prepared by the issuer and authenticated, if necessary, by an official person. They are admissible in evidence in court and are regarded as proof of the facts contained therein until otherwise proven. Other private documents: Documents prepared by natural persons. Their admissibility in evidence in court proceedings is subject to judicial discretion....

Notaries' magisterial role: In civil law jurisdictions, notaries public , in their official capacities, perform quasi-judicial functions, such as preparing official documents, like a notarial deed, or making decisions on matters, such as probate issues. Notaries' clerical role: A notary public also acts as an clerk who simply certifies personal identity. This is similar to the notarial tasks in several common law jurisdictions....

Both decision and determination are related to the mental process whereby one chooses one way of doing something. Decision is used in everyday language for the above process. In the law, decision is an official action taken by a person or a public agency on a specific legal or administrative issue. Determination is a sub-element in a decision-making process, necessary to be made to resolve the entire set of issues. It is used in a contract situation when one or both parties choose a way of doing something as opposed to...

Denial: Negation of the allegations brought forward by the plaintiff. Rebuttal: Attempt to contradict or disprove an argument....

Amended complaint: A complaint that modifies and replaces the original complaint. Supplemental complaint: A complaint that adds a relevant matter to an existing...

Presiding judge: The professional judge in charge of a judicial panel consisting of at least three judges. Chief judge: The head of a judicial organization with overall responsibility for its operation and functioning....

Single judge court: Judicial economy requires that simple cases be determined by a single judge. Judicial panel: The operation of a court when groups of three to five judges are involved in the resolution of a dispute. This is typical in superior courts or in special cases when, due to the nature of the dispute, special expertise is...

Circuit court: The court which covers a larger geographical area primarily with appellate function. District court: A term relating to the local court with first instance jurisdiction....

Both superior and supreme court refer to high level court but they are different. THe supreme court of a state is the court of last resort in most jurisdictions which resolves cases in the last instance. The functions may differ depending on how the constitution regulates its role, but in all cases it is the highest judicial body of the relevant country. Superior court: A higher level court which may act as a trial court in more complex matters, as well as an court with appellate jurisdiction in cases initially tried by the local...

Justice: Judge of the highest judicial forum of a state. Judge: A court official trying cases at any level of the judicial system....

Court reporter: A court official in charge of preparing an official record of the proceedings (also called transcript) of a common law trial, either by handwriting, typing or using a specially designed apparatus. Court secretary: A person working at a court and performing administrative and not legal duties....

The notion of higher education is more widespread but it is important to distinguish between this one and continuing education. Higher education is often called tertiary education or third-level education, as after finishing secondary education, you have the chance to go on with studying at a university or college. For this, you need to have a General Certificate of Secondary Education. As for continuing education, it is a program which brings participants up to a date in a given area of knowledge or skills. These courses are designed for...

In educational sense, their meaning is quite similar. Both class and grade can mean the level of educational development in elementary, middle or secondary school, in other words, students at a given level. Their second meaning is note, that is, which is given to measure or determine the quality of the work or educational development of students. Grade also means the military, naval or civil service rank. Class occurs in the field of science, as well. For example, in Biology, it is a taxonomic category, in Statistics, it is an interval in a...

Essentially, the two verbs mean to prevent someone doing something, not allow or prohibit. However, the difference between the two is when something was prohibited. If you are a member of a group but you were excluded, you are no longer a member. In opposed to preclude which means to excludes the chance in advance or not even taking something into consideration. To exclude also refers to expulsion (from the Church, for example). On the contrary, to preclude means to make something impossible, to prevent something in advance to happen. In...

On the whole, the two verbs mean to hand in but they differ in meaning. It is also not the same which documents can be submitted and which can be filed. In the first sense, to submit means to give someone any kind of document which needs to be considered or approved. Secondly, it also means to offer a solution or a suggestion for an issue. In another sense, it means to allow, that is to let another person, group or authority to have power over you. If used respectively, it means to yield or surrender oneself to the authorities. The first...

To bypass is the synonym for both verbs, although they do not mean the same. To avoid means to prevent something to happen, you keep away, escape from it. For example, misunderstanding, ambiguity, disappointment, injury, mistake and so on can be avoided. On the contrary, to evade something means not to dealing with it. You can evade responsibilities, duties, obligations, problems, issues and so on. Taxes can be avoided and evaded, too. If you avoid taxes, you lower the amount of tax by the means of legal methods. It is also called tax...

Registered office: The main place of operation of a business, which is registered as such at the appropriate registration authorites. Seat: A non-legal term for the place where a business organization...

Voting by ballot card: A traditional way of expressing the choice by filing in a voting card. Voting by show of hand: When the shareholders raise their hands in support of a motion....

Office: The position filled by persons elected by the meering. The person filling such office is referre dto as corporate officer. Position: An employee's place in the hierarchy of an organization with a view to his /her function....

Rules of procedure: A document regulating the operation of an elected body Bylaws: A corporate document which lays down the rules for the organizational structure and the operation of various organizations. Its content may be included in other documents....

Minutes: An official the official record of the proceedings at a meeting of an organization. It is generally accepted as an official document, and, as such, can be used in eventual disputes arising from matters discussed therein. Memorandum: Generally, memorandum, which is frequently referred to colloquially as "memo", is a record prepared on teh basis of what has been orally discussed. As such, it is sometimes used instead of minutes, but it does not impliy any officialdom....

Officer: An employee of a corporation who holds a management-level position Director: A person in charge of directing a company, either individually or in coopration with others. In this latter case, the body consisting of directors is referred to as the...

Balance sheet: A detailed list of the companies assets and liability, as well as the owners' equity at a specific time, giving a statement on the condition of the company. Profit and loss account: A financial document which gives an account of the revenues and teh expenses during a certain period of time....

Deed of Foundation: Refers to the establishing document of a business usually owned by one person. It sets forth detailed rules for the operation of the business. Articles of association: Sometimes also referred to as Contract of Association, it is a founding document of an association established by several...

Partnership: A basic form of business operation where two or more persons joint together to carry on some activities. Company: A form of using business where the owners provide funds for the operation of the business and then do not necessarily take part in its...

THe verbs assume and assign refer to transferring rights and oblgiations, but they are different in their direction. The verbs assume is fundamentally used for taking the position of the person who receives some benefit under a contract from another person. However, transfer and assignment often refers to taking one party's place in a contract. You can use assume as the opposite of assignment, as it is used for taking over certain...

Material: In contractual setting, it refers to something fundamental. Essential: Refers to something that a thing may not...

Peril: A specific risk against which protection is sought by obtaining insurance. Contingency: An unspecific term describing the possibility of future...

Peril: A general term for type of risk which may occur. Risk: A term measuring the possibility of the occurrence of risk. ...

Term: In insurance language, term basically determines whether the policy is for a limited or unlimited term. Coverage: Coverage determines wehther the insurance company does not does not pay for the losses suffered....

Binder: In insurance terminology it is a document containing the conditions of an insurance policy as proposed by the insurance company. It provides valid coverage pending the preparation of the insurance policy. Offer: A legal term for communicating certain terms, which, if accepted, a contract is formed....

Fixed rate: The situation where the bank determines the interest in a fixed percentage of the loan, and it does not change during the lifetime of the loan Variable rate: When the bank changes the interest in every interest period....

Security: A practical term for various types of collateral elements that may be used for ensuing the repayment of the loan. Securities: Financial instruments used for corporate investments....

Consumer lending: The process where individuals turn to financial institution to take a loan for purposes in connection with the individuals needs, such as buying a house or household equipment. Commercial lending: The practice of making loans to businesses for various purposes, usually in connection with some profit making activity....

Fixed rate interest: The situation where the bank determines the interest in a fixed percentage of the loan, and it does not change during the lifetime of the loan Variable rate interest: When the bank changes the interest in every interest period....

Both repayment and prepayment refer to paying back the debt to a creditor. However, the timing is different. Repayment is the extinguishment of an the obligation to repay the loan according to the original schedule. Loans can be repaid in various ways, either in regular instalments or in one lump sum upon maturity. Prepayment is the repayment of the loan before its original maturity date. In most cases, it is subject to special conditions determined in the loan contract....

Bullet repayment:An arrangement for the repayment of a loan whereby the debt is repaid a the end fo the loan period in one lump sum. Instalment payment: The gradual extinguishment of the payment obligation by making monthly payments....

Modification: Modification usually refers to come changesin the contract provisions. Amendment: Amendment often refers to the document which changes an entire...

Both term and duration refers to the period of time during which something continues. Term is a legal word, when used as a time factor, it relates to the period while the contract is operative. The term of the contract or any other legal relationship is the period between the commencement and the expiration. Examples: "term of the contract" "term of the loan" "term of a board member" "term of employment" "term of confinement" The word "term" is also used in the description of a legal concept, generally referring to a version...

Salary: A regular amount paid by the employer to the employee for the work performed, usually on monthly basis. Wages: Money paid to blue-collar workers on daily or weekly basis....

Termination for or without cause are two different forms of terminating an employment. Termination for cause is the ending of employment in situations when the reason for the termination is the employee's misconduct. Termination without cause refers to the termination of the employment without any specific reason occurred on the employee's side....

Compensation: The money paid by a compnay to its employees, encompassing all payments. Remuneration: Used mainly for the money paid to elected officers rather than employees hired by a company....

In some languages, responsibiliy and liability can easily be confused. Responsibility is an obligation to do or not to do something. Liability is the legal responsibility. Responsibility: An obligation to do or not to do some act. It is primarily based on action rather than the consequences of one's failure Liability: Liability is the legal responsibility. Liability is based on responsibility. No one can be held liable without being responsible therefore....

Both job and work relate to the activity that you do for money under the control of your superior, but they are used differently. Job: Job is use for the set of tasks that en employee must perform in employment. Work: Work is a general word used for any activity that a person is paid for in any...

Both resume and curriculum vitae refers to the summary of one's personal, educational and professional background. Curriculum vitae is internationally is synonymous with resume. Resume: A concise summary of one's experience, education and skills used in seeking employment. Curriculum vitae is a detailed description of one's educational background, previous experience, as well as other important information, such as publications, honors, affiliation in professional bodies and other details. used in the United States to describe, a...

Compensation: In employment context it refers to the payment received for employment. Consideration: A legal term for the value given in exchange for services provided....

Territorial jurisdiction: Territorial jurisdiction identifies the court which has power to adjudicate matters based on jurisdictional areas. Subject matter jurisdiction: Subject matter jurisdiction determines which level court in a judicial system has competence to try a case based on a number of aspects, including the value of the litigation,...

Execution date: The date of signing the contract between the parties. It does not mean that the contract becomes immediately effective, although it often happens. Effective date: The date when the contract becomes "live" and operative....

Agency: Agency is used primarily when the agent acts on behalf of the principal in a representative capacity. The key aspect of agency is that the agent appears before all third parties as a representative of the principal, thus acts in the name and on behalf of the principal. Services: Services include any activity through which the provider of the services performs duties at the request and order of the first party, which is usually called client....

Both delivery and transfer refers to how property can changes hands between two persons. Delivery is generally used for handing over a property item from one person to another. The property in question may range from a document to goods or even real property. The process of transferring property is usually used for passing the title of ownership or some other rights to another person. In summary, it is probably safe to state that delivery refers to the physical aspect of the transaction, actually turning over the property item,...

Time: The hour of the day, or a period of time. Date: A specified day of the month or...

Performance: It generally refers to acts required under a contract. Fulfilment: It signifies an overall completion of an obligation under a contract....

Final deadline: The date on which the works must be completed at the latest. Interim deadline: Dates by which certain phases of the works are to be...

Inspection: The process when the client checks whether the services have been fulfilled as promised in the contract. Supervision: The process of constantly overseeing a process in order to ensure that no problem should arise....

Damage: Loss or harm suffered by persons or property as a result of an injury. Wear and tear: Loss, damage or depreciation resulting from ordinary use. It is usually not considered a result of a wrongful conduct....

Best effort: The duty to do something using best effort. The provider is only responsible for using the necessary degree of care in performance, but not for brining about result. In common law, they are simply referred to as best effort contracts. Duty of performance: The duty of a contracting party to perform his/her portion of the contract in accordance with prescribes standards. ...

Main contractor: The entity to which a contract has been awarded by a contracting body. General contractor: The entity which has overall responsibiliy for the completion of a project, including the coordination of all activities performed by different trades....

Beyond one's control: Usually refers to an event which influences the carrying out the subject matter. Under one's control: Generally refers to an area of responsibility or specific personnel....

Maintenance fees: The portion of the so called condo fees that are appropriated for the current payment obligations arising from the operation of the condominium property. Reserves: Part of the condominium fee set apart for specific future use, such as major overhauls....

The parties to a lease contract are the lessor and the lessee, or, alternatively, landlord and tenant. Is there a difference between them? In most situations, they can be used interchangeably. However, definitionally there is a difference between them. Lessor and lessee is the descciption of the parties to a lease of any property, real or personal, while landlord and tenant are used to decribe the parties to a lease when the subject of the lease is real property. The term "landlord" and "tenant" are not used for leases other than real...

Delivery of the property simply means that the property will exchange hands, will go into the possession of one party, generally called buyer, from the other, called seller, if it concerns a property transaction. In this respect, physical delivery means that the may be carried out by actual delivery of the property to the hands of the buyer. It is an action of actually giving the property to the buyer. On the other hand, constructive delivery means that the property can be delivered without the actual delivery but by a simbolic action,...

These two terms seem to have a lot in common, as both of them are used in property transactions for security purposes. Deposit: a general term for depositing funds to secure transactions without specific provisions as how to apply the money. Earnest money: a sum paid up front to bind the parties to a sale transaction with specific rules as to how it should be applied if the sales transaction falls through. o keep the property for a certain period exclusively for the payor of earnest. Essentially it does not address the issue of...

This is an explanation for the difference in the land regisration in civil and common law countries. Every real property is registered in some form or other by the state or an institution designated by the state. One of the most important purpose of such registration is to collect taxes, as well as to facilitate property transaction by providing a clear system for identifying individual property items. This registration, however, is based on different methods in various legal systems. Basically, we can differentiate between two...

Reservation of title: a contract provision that the buyer retains the title to the property until the entire amount of the purchase price has been paid. Reservation of title is registered on the Abstract of Title as an encumbrance. It is not limited in time. Holding title in abeyance: a request made by a buyer in connection to the sale transaction, which the title office registers. It is applicable for a limited period of time. In practice, it excludes any other action related to the property. It is an alternative to the reservation of...

Real property: land, buildings, and whatever is attached or affixed to the land. Personal property: property items other than real property, also called movable property...

Rental: everyday word for the situation where money is paid for the temporary use of a property owned by someone else. Lease: legal term for using property of another for...

Exclusive owner: the owner who fully owns a property. The exclusive owner holds 100% of the ownership title to a property without any other concurrent ownership of any kind. Co-owner:the owner who shares his/her title to the property with one or more concurrent...

Both image and portrait refer to a means of showing how a person looks. In this sense both image and portrait means a photograph. The traditional meaning of portrait is a photo taken about a person’s face sidewards while an image can be a photo taken about the person’s whole body. In literature, portrait is used also to describe characters. Images can reflect not only persons but other object or landscape. Image can also mean opinion (for example, the public’s image of business meaning what the public thinks about business). In...

Both safety and security mean some kind of protection againt an unwanted event. However, they refer to protection from a different perspective. Safety basically means not to be under a threat or danger. It often related to phyisical safety against bodily danger or any other type of harm. Events endangerign safety usually happen by accedient, against which various types of safety devices are used or actions are taken. Security also refers to a protection provided by policies and regulations. It also includes intrusion by people, such as...

Defect means the lack or imperfection of something which leads to failure or inadequacy. It also has a meaning of abandon a position in order to join another, opposing group. For example, if a car can not run properly or has faulty brakes, than it has a defect. Deficiency also has a meaning of some kind of imperfection or lack, but mainly in relation to health. For example, colour vision deficiency means colour blindness, or any deviation of the normal perception of...

Although fine and penalty are sometimes used as synonyms, there are differences between the two notions. Fine refers to some special case, penalty is more general and can refer to a number of things. Fine is always a monetary charge imposed upon someone who has committed a crime or an offence of a minor degree (for example, breaking the Highway Code). Penalty has a more general meaning and refers to punishment which can take various forms, for example, imprisonment, or community service, but a penalty fine, as well. Fines can be imposed in...

The two words are very similar, but they have a different meanings and cannot be used interchangeably. "Confirm" has two meanings: by confirming something, we can give our approval or our consent to an action taken by someone else. It can also be used to strengthen an opinion, or to assure an appointment or an order. "Affirm" means to validate something or to state positively. In legal English, an appellate court can affirm, or, in other words, uphold a judgment, which means that the judgement of the lower court is kept in place....

In most cases, the two adjectives can be used interchangeably, since both refer to something fit for purpose. However, the word ‘appropriate’ has an additional connotation according to which something appropriate is also correct and rightful. The word ‘suitable’ highlights more the fact that something is adapted to use, compatible with the particular...

Both terms refers to the same action: the creation of an institution. ‘Establish’ refers to the creation of companies. By establishing a company, we do not only bring it into existence, but we also set it in operation. Founding an organization refers to its creation for enduring existence. The foundation usually lays on a firm basis (by signing treaties, statutes or articles of...

Both verbs are used within the world of corporations, companies and enterprises. However, there is a significant different in their usage in legal English language. ‘Manage’ refers to the day-to-day operation of a company. Managing a company includes hiring and managing employees, organizing daily tasks, etc. The successful management of a company requires, above all, good organizational skills. The verb ‘direct’ refers to the direction of the whole company in a broader sense. Directing a company includes defining the overall...